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Fly The “moral” or “ethical” are synonymous with root words respectively from the Latin mores which means custom, norm or behaviors acceptable to a group and Greek ethikos, which refers to custom, character or expected behaviors.

Set up Setup time is the minimum time the D input is required to stay at a constant value prior to the next clock change. Hold time is the minimum time the D input is required to stay unchanged after the clock change. Propagation delay is the interval between the trigger edge and the stabilization of the output to a new state.

Clock Clock - is a free-running signal with a fixed Cycle Time or Clock Period. It goes from low to high signal or from high to low signal Clock Frequency = 1/Cycle Time   The clock period is divided into two portions: •Clock is “High” and •Clock is “Low” •Rising Edge: Transition from Low to High and •Falling Edge: Transition from High to Low   The duration of “High” and “Low” parts of the clock cycle need not be the same. •Duty cycle: Fraction of the Period, when the signal is considered active. •Edge Triggered clocking: All state changes occur at a clock edge.

Good oriented Moral standards are good-oriented. They are used to measure the importance or gravity of the effect of behaviors to the human well-being.  They are meant to study if behaviors benefit human persons. So that if behaviors are not beneficial, then they do not pass the moral standards and should be rendered bad or wrong

Decision to be seen The final decision on whether an action is either good or bad, right or wrong is called a value judgment.  A judgment is the formed opinion, estimate, evaluation through discernment based on standards.  Value is a relative worth or importance (Merriam-Webster Dictionary 2014).  Taken together, value judgment therefore can be understood as the formed opinion, estimate, or evaluation of the relative worth or importance of something through discernment based on standards.  But not all value judgments are again only moral.  To say that a house is designed properly is a value judgment based on architectural standards which is not about morals.  When you appreciate the hospitality of a neighbor you visited, you are making a value judgment based on standards of etiquette which is not necessarily about morals.  When a mechanic advised you to buy a second hand car because it has a good working condition, it is a value judgment based on mechanical standards which is not about morals.

Everyone has a value Value judgments are made based on some norms as principles or standards believed or accepted to be true.  Value judgments are expressed as claims that something ought to be the case (Mabaquiao and Evangelista 2020, 5).  The term “ought” expresses an obligation.  Value judgments then are framed in statements that express obligation.  These are called normative statements.  We make various forms of normative statements.  One ought to be courteous in receiving visitors is one normative statement based on standards of etiquette.  One ought to observe symmetry in designing buildings is another normative statement in accord to architectural standards.

Moral experience A moral experience is choosing the most preferred or higher good, values, principles, rules, and standards over other goods, values, rules and standards. Sometimes it is choosing something for the sake of a greater rule, principle or value.

Establishing Good Character Moral standard as established by good reason hold impartial considerations. They should not be based on any personal or group concerns but on something that is reasonable or universal and neutral to its recipients.  It goes beyond the subject and his personal biases in which each person’s interests are disinterestedly counted. Not being favored may be hurting emotions but that is impartiality that does disregard emotions.

Different characteristics The characteristic of reason as impartial means that moral standards deal with experiences objectively or detached from any personal connections and prejudgments. For instance, “Love one another” does not only apply to family members but goes beyond family ties, race, sexuality, culture and religion. Love goes beyond categories because it is unbiased and unconditional.

Disregarded emotions Moral standards do not necessarily disregard emotions. Emotions have a special role to play with moral standards in moral experience.  Emotions are often misunderstood as impediment and detrimental to a moral life.  Indeed, high emotions are normally seen as the source of wrong moral decisions or immoral life. Many thinkers would consider emotion as the moral compass.

Workable Moral standards are workable and not impossible to achieve.  They render behaviors as either moral or immoral, good or bad, and right or wrong.  They deal with seriously immoral behaviors that bring extreme negative effects to people. So that if behaviors are seriously immoral, it only means that they do not pass the moral standards and should be rendered immoral.

Love Therefore, a man can love not only his parents. He can also love other strangers, men, women or homosexuals, foreigners, non-Christians, etcetera.  But in basketball, the standards are favorable to the winners and detrimental to losers.

Standards If a moral standard is to speak the truth absolutely and for this to be universalizable then it must be applicable to everyone.  If Mr. Bato speaks the truth absolutely and so does Miss Bata of the Philippines, Mrs. Boba of Alaska, Mr. Bote of India, Stg. Bobot of Minadano, Eng. Bebot of America, Bobot of Africa, Bobon of Australia, then “speaking the truth absolutely” is a moral standard or universalizable.  Moral standard as universalizable is related to being consistent.

Right Any sane (person in the right mind/ in the right reason ) person is capable to extract such moral standard from his own reason. It is part of human nature.  But in football, the experts on this are the only authorities who can set its standards. Even the audience who may have good reasons or suggestions for improvements cannot do so.

Accept Moral standards as universalizable means that they can be accepted and supported as applicable to everyone or worldwide. For one to be univerzalizable, it means that “one that fits one is one that fits all.” So moral standards as universalizable should be very important to all who are relevantly in similar situation.

Violators Thereby violating the moral standard “Do not kill,” he may feel bad, sad, guilt and regret.  He then submits himself to the authority, asks forgiveness from the aggrieved party and wholeheartedly accepts his punishment. Unlike the standards of game which can always be violated because they are not strictly considered as commands.

Negative emotions Most moral issues are driven and powered by negative emotions. Karl Marx on the workers’ negative feeling of being alienated and violated of their moral principles started and fueled meaningful discussions or debates. Some emotions brought people together in order to fight abuses and better their lives.  For instance, anger may arise when employers constantly violate the moral standards of their workers.

Principles The principles you use to justify your decision or choice are called norms or moral standards.  Let us say you decided to return the wallet instead.  This is your value judgment which placed more value on honesty rather than the pleasure of having extra and instant money.  This value judgment is expressed as a normative statement when you tell others that, “You ought to return something that is not rightfully yours.”

Principle over Standard Not all situations of choosing between rules are moral experiences.  Requirements, fashion standards and etiquettes that may bring difficult experiences are examples of rules that are not considered components of moral experiences.  Choosing between rules of games is not also considered a moral experience because such rules do not have a higher level quality unlike moral or ethical rules or principles.

Every good Good reason with good support or justification is enough authority for a rule to be considered as a moral standard. The moral standard that says: “Do not do unto others what you do not want others do unto you” earns its being a moral standard from the sound reason that if indeed one do not do bad or wrong to others, then he will surely benefit from not being done bad or harmed by others too.  It neither needs to be declared and supported by religious groups nor Pope Francis for it to be a moral standard.

Ethics The ethical rules or moral principles, which are also called moral or ethical values are often called moral standards precisely because they are most valuable or with the highest quality of rules. Rules can be standards but not all rules are standards.  So, the rules that are not moral principles are non-moral standards.  This is why there are laws that are not necessarily moral.  To easily differentiate moral standards from non-moral standards, some of their characteristics are discussed.

You can choose In choosing a moral standard over others, all things are to be considered or one ought to be prudent.  To be prudent also as a moral standard is basically to know which standard is best to use and how to use it proportionately in a particular situation. Moral standards are not always good for all situations or “one that fits one does not fit all.”

Bind me Moral standards are binding because they are the most favored values over other values and they are applicable to those who value them. People ought to do them in view of necessary considerations.  They are given the most priority in particular situations because they are the right or most appropriate things to do.  They are not also self-serving. So that if one chooses a moral standard, which is his most preferred value, then he has to do it even if it is against other important standards or non-moral standards and self-interests. Besides, it is the most appropriate thing to do proportionate to the situation and to everyone.

Prioritized Deciding on what moral principles to prioritize over others is the essence of moral experience. It is choosing the highest moral standard over other moral standards. It is no longer the simple experience of the good, but the difficult choosing of the better or greatest good.   It can also be choosing the societal standard over personal standard or vice versa in view of greater values.

Human importance Human persons are daily confronted with different situations where their courage and commitment to obey the rules are greatly tested/ challenged. They even place the different types of rules in a hierarchy to know which comes first and which comes last.

Situation Moral situations are moments or experiences when we are confronted with the need to make a moral discernment—the process by which an act is decided as either good or bad, with a preferential option for what is believed to be good/right and an aversion from what is believed to be bad/wrong.  Moral discernment refers to the process of weighing the values of moral options through an appeal to standard moral principles that can guide judgment.

Good and bad There are countless moments in our daily lives that require us to distinguish good from bad, right from wrong.  These are called moral situations.  The above activity is a moral situation because it initiates in us the natural capacity to deliberate on the rightness and wrongness of cheating.  But again, not all situations that require us to deliberate are moral.  Choosing a wedding motif—the right color—is clearly not a moral situation.  Eating vegetables and fruits—the right kinds of food so to speak—is also not directly a moral situation (although it may have some moral implications).

Moraled Being moral also appears to be a concern only to human persons as moral agents.  We don’t think that birds are bad fowls when they feed on palay grains without permission.  But persons are when they take things that don’t belong to them. We don’t also impose judgment against the lion that fed on a gazelle.  But we charge a person with murder when he kills another.  But what about persons who are unable to perform as agents—initiator of actions—such as mentally challenged individuals, a fetus, or the comatose patient just to name a few.  Not all humans are moral agents who can deliberate on their actions properly such as the mentally challenged individuals.  Not all humans can actively assert their rights such as the fetus or the comatose patient.

Moral What does it mean to be moral? Humans are moral by nature.  That means, we have the natural capacity and concern for distinguishing what is good from what is bad (right from what is wrong).  Your reflection in the above activity is evidence of such basic moral nature and capacity.  But not all instances of distinguishing what is good/right from what is bad/wrong have something to do with being moral.  The use of the words good-bad and right-wrong have wider application.  People usually refer to food as good interchangeably with delicious.  The phrase ‘good morning’ usually means nice.  When your friend missed a turn you usually say, ‘wrong turn’.  There is no moral issue whatsoever going on in buying a bag for school and about choosing which color is right for you.  There seems to be no moral issue about having a preferred menu as well.  Clearly, all use of these evaluative words have moral implications.

Individual Individual Relativism—the rightness or wrongness of an action lies on the individual’s own commitments (Mabaquiao and Evangelista 2020, 12).   Social Relativism—the rightness or wrongness of an action depends on society’s norms (Mabaquiao and Evangelista 2020, 12). Moral Situation—moments in daily life that require persons to distinguish and deliberate on what is good from bad, right from wrong. Moral Statements—imperative and normative statements that express an obligation.   Morality—the set of standards a person has about what is right or wrong (Mabaquiao and Evangelista 2020, 2).