@Kondaira

Cases There are cases when one has to decide within the boundary of overlapping individual and organizational dilemmas.  These have been the most challenging situations which anyone can deal with precisely one cannot really dissolve one’s individuality in the organization as well as the organizational standards are sometimes unfavorable to the individual when it comes to the survival and good of the organization. These are still organizational even though individual moral standards are greatly affected or compromised

Indi Individual Dilemma. This is a personal moral problem, dealt with and solved by the same single person. Most moral decisions are based on individual dilemmas because every human person has his own everyday moral experience and moral standards to either follow or disobey. The individual moral dilemma has the most significant impact on the individual so that he alone must make the best decision most likely for himself but could also be for others.

Dilemma One could not clearly or easily make choices or answers. Traveling from Quezon City to Pasay on a storm day, one may experience being in a dilemma of whether to ride a bus or the Metro Rail Transit (MRT). It may take time to decide because one has to study both options first. Riding a bus may take longer time with a danger of flooding as well as MRT could malfunction on the way as it has been happening lately.

Simple Simple moral dilemma is a   situation of choosing between right/good and the wrong/bad options.  The right and wrong may refer to behaviors or the moral standards the behaviors follow. But the good and bad may refer not only to behaviors but also persons, things and events that embody or symbolize certain moral standards.   It may seem easy by just always choosing what is right or good but some possible consequences of this could be undesirable and sometimes situations dictate that the wrong or bad is the best decision because it may bring desirable ends.

Treasure Do not creste treasure in this world, it is temporary.

Outcome Outcomes: 1. Detect a moral dilemma. 2. Identify the three levels of moral dilemmas. 3. Create an example of a moral dilemma.

Ethical Just like standards compared to moral standards, dilemmas are not necessarily moral or ethical dilemmas.   Moral/ethical dilemmas are complex or contradictory situations that often involve conflicts of moral standards or principles.

Minimum Morality in its minimum conception, “is the effort to guide one’s conduct by reason—that is, to do what there are the best reasons for doing—while giving equal weight to the interests of each individual who will be affected by what one does” (Rachel, 1993).

Intention Intention pertains to the motive, purpose, goal or “end of the agent” for which an action is done.  The “end of the agent” is different from the “end of the object.”  Means is the instrument or the action by which the intention is carried out.  It may also include or be under circumstance. Circumstance consists of the important conditions of the agent such as the time, place, process, situation and other persons involved. This usually answers the what, when, where, who and how. End is the act’s form, substance, basis, direction, or object about which the action is made. It is the “end of the object,” consequence, outcome, actual conclusion or result.

What? What does Charlie do? Does he tell the truth to who he owes greater friendship? Even if he either tells or do not tell the truth, he is going to end up hurting one, if not both friends. If he remains silent, is he being irresponsible.

End  Components of Human Act Moral dilemmas always involve human act so that it is very important to consider the four components: Intention, Means, Circumstance and End (MICE).

Even Nevertheless, even if there are moral dilemmas with complete information it is not a guarantee of a smooth decision making or easy choice. There are types of moral dilemmas with incomplete information. Some are even open-ended that do not demand a decision.  So it is very important to at least know what level they are. Are they individual, organizational or structural?

Bad or wrong The tougher moral dilemma is considering two or more moral/ethical standard such that to obey one moral standard will result in disobeying other moral standard/s or to bad or wrong effects.

Decision supporting Morality happens in situations, which are called moral or ethical dilemmas.   It studies moral dilemmas in which moral experience occur, moral standards are prioritized or chosen, and moral arguments are developed to support a decision.

Features There four crucial features of moral dilemmas are: 1.       One is required to do each of two (or more) behaviors 2.       The two (or more) behaviors are based on moral standards; 3.       One can do each of the two (or more) behaviors but one cannot do both (or all) simultaneously; 4.       One seems condemned to choose even the wrong/bad or fail for doing what one ought to do

Decision Charlie is deciding whether to tell Dennis about Vema being married to Roland. On the other hand, Roland suspects that Vema is having an affair.  He knows that Charlie has many friends and contacts so he asks him if he has heard anything about his wife’ illicit affairs.

Action Using each of these components separately though may spouse different perspective on what is good or right. Thus, there can be ethical principles for each of these such as “the end justifies the means and “the end determines the morality (rightness/wrongness) of an action.”

Born Charlie has two friends: Dennis who works in Laoag City and Roland who was born in Vigan City and working in Dubai as OFW. Dennis was dating Vema, a beautiful lady he met at work. Dennis, as Charlie would see it, believes that this is the right person for the right relationship. Unknown to Dennis, Charlie saw them entering a hotel and found out that the girl friend is Vema, the wife of his friend Roland.

Agonizing choice A Father's Agonizing Choice (friesian.com) You are an inmate in a concentration camp. A sadistic guard is about to hang your son who tried to escape and wants you to pull the chair from underneath him. The Ethical Dilemma: He says that if you do not, he will not only kill your son but some other innocent inmate as well. You don't have any doubt that he means what he says. What should you do?

When? “When do you say it is a moral experience? How relevant a rule is in a moral experience? How are the rules related to standards? How are moral standards different from other standards? What are the basic characteristics of a moral standard?”

Escape It is inevitable to escape choosing between what is good or right and what is bad or wrong.  As dictated by the persons’ values and standards, some may choose the bad and some, the good.  It is not always choosing the good and right.

Way of impact However, rules or standards in games do not have so much impact on the well-being of people.  They are of a lower level because they do not deal with serious matters about the good and well-being of people.  Violation or following any standards of game does not totally affect the good life of a person.

Difficult times There are difficult times when, one has to choose what is wrong because it follows a rule but with the intention of making everything right in the end.  Some continuously do the right or good even if it often brings misfortune and suffering. This kind of experience is often called a moral experience. As the words suggest, moral experience is the experience of the good.

Product Moral standards as product of good reason are authoritative rule statements on what to do and avoid. They come as a practical guide, directive, demand, command or proscription, e.g. “Love your neighbor as yourself,” “Treat people as ends,” “Do not kill.” They are not just abstract principles; they are also doable. They have a meaningful impact in people’s behavior and well-being.

Rules There are times when higher quality of rules such as principles are prioritized more than policies, guidelines and laws.  Others also choose to follow rules with lower quality or value to preserve the common good.  There could be other reasons behind that are either explicit or implicit and intermediate or ultimate.

Formed Moral standards are formed or founded by the autonomy of good reason and not by its being endorsed by authority persons or leaders. Good reason means sound or logical so that the moral standards it independently establishes should be backed supported by adequate and sound reasoning.  For rules to be moral standards, it should not be because an authority figure validates it so but because they are beyond question. An authority figure can be powerful or dominant because of position, influence, money, information, connections or friends but it does not suffice.

Life event For instance, life-eventEXAmple like number 4 there is a moral standard that people has the moral obligation to follow the law; however, when the law becomes seriously immoral, the moral standard that is most preferred is to either disobey the law or simply change it. Moral standard, which people value most may change through the course of time and may depend on situations but they remain highly binding. Unlike the standards of tennis that are preferred only by those who love this game, they are not really that binding for well-being or in life.

Live what you believe Do not be afraid about what will others say to you.

Empowerment The moral value of emotions is in its ability to empower moral standards in promoting the well-being of others more than the self. In some circumstances, the feeling of loneliness may be felt by the rich even if they have so much material things but this leads to the process of acquiring another feeling of excitement as they decide to reach out to the poor. Some behaviorists reported that positive emotions usually increase dispositions toward helping. Truly, helping other people unconditionally often brings happiness.

Being moral is important To be moral therefore is to be able to distinguish what is good from bad, right from wrong when confronted with a moral situation that initiates in us a moral discernment process that results in a value judgment based on moral standards, and expressed in the form of normative statements.  From this, we can identify the three basic elements of a moral experience—(1) the moral agent; (2) the moral act; and (3) the moral deliberation.