The first imperialist war (1914-1918) did not resolve the rivalry with the world's colonies. The great depression that followed (1930s) began in the US and spread to other parts of the world. The division of the world took place again to solve the narrowing of the markets of the respective economies.
The second imperialist war or World War 2 (1939-1945) took place. In Asia, Japan violated US open door policy on China. The Philippines and its Trust Territories in the Pacific were seized from the US - the Marianas, Guam and Saipan. Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos) were seized from France, Britain - Malaysia, Singapore and Burma. Indonesia was also captured from the Netherlands.
Japan bombs US bases in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (December 7, 1941), US military stations in the Philippines: Clark Air Base in Pampanga and Other AirField, Del Carmen AirField in Mindanao, and port area in Manila (December 8, 1941), Nichols in Pasay, Sangley Point in Cavite, Subic Base in Olongapo and Clark again (December 9, 10 and 12), and airfields in Marikina.
Prior to this, the US had established the US Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE), July 1941. Gen. Douglas MacArthur to lead it and the defense of US and Filipino forces. MacArthur, a retired member of the US military, 1937, is already a Commonwealth employee, as an American supervisor in the formation of the Philippine Army under the National Defense Act of 1935.
The USAFFE withdrew from Bataan when it failed to prevent the Japanese from advancing; in Corregidor MacArthur, his wife and children and the staff of his headquarters fled. MacArthur flew to Australia at the behest of the US president to lead the Southwest Pacific Area Command. Commonwealth Pres. Manuel L. Quezon and Vice Pres. Sergio Osmena. MacArthur promised to return to the Philippines (“I shall return”). Quezon died in the US from tuberculosis.
Gen. Jonathan Wainwright — the commander who replaced McArthur, the Corregidor among the Japanese who led the famous Death March from Bataan to Capas, Tarlac.
afternoon time
Because freedom is a sensitive issue for Filipinos, the occupiers organized the Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence, June 18, 1943. It was formed by Jose Laurel, Benigno S. Aquino, Sr. and Ramon Avanceña. The National Assembly (NA) was established by virtue of a Constitution "ratified" by a "popular" convention. This president elected Laurel. Declared "independence" and inaugurated the "Republic of the Philippines" October 14, 1943.
The People's Army Against the Japanese (Hukbalahap) was formed, which was based on the extensive peasant movement in Central Luzon, Laguna and Quezon. The Hukbalahap was established in Sitio Bawit, San Lorenzo, Cabiao, Nueva Ecija in the foothills of Mount Arayat on March 29, 1942. Guerrilla forces linked to the USAFFE were also widely organized. Large chunks of towns were liberated by the people before the return of Kano and the surrender of Japan.
The damage to the lives, livelihoods and property of the people was greater than the Japanese did when the US Air Force bombed Manila, Cavite and other places in the Visayas (September 21, 1944) until they landed in Palo, Leyte (October 20, 1944). There was almost no erection in Manila when it was "liberated" in February 1945. In desperation, Japanese soldiers massacred thousands of people, especially in Manila. More than a million Filipinos across the country have been killed in the war involving the country due to the direct interest of the US.
Japan surrendered on September 2, 1945 after the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (August 6 and 9), killing hundreds of thousands of civilians. The US was the dominant imperialist power in the world, before the war ended. Britain and the Soviet Union were damaged. Japan, Germany, Italy, France, and the whole of Europe were destroyed.
It appears that war is on the other side. The people of Eastern Europe were free from the invaders in their countries. Strengthened anti-colonial movements or for national liberation. Vietnam was liberated (1945) before the French occupiers, China (1949), and Korea (1950) returned, before the US invaded and divided the North and South. Indonesia was liberated (1949), in the successful fight against the Dutch attempt to restore domination here.
Meanwhile, the US is organizing the Philippine government. Manuel Roxas, the last president of the Commonwealth and the first pre, won the election (April 23, 1946)
The Japanese occupation of the Philippines began with Japanese bombings in various parts of the country. After this, the forces of General Masaharu Homma came up. Soon the Americans and Filipinos also surrendered in various parts of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. This battle was called the Battle of the Philippines.
Japanese Military Government
On January 3, 1942, General Masaharu Homma immediately established a Japanese military administration. It is headed by a Director General. It aims to manage the political, economic and cultural activities of the Philippines.
The military administration enforced the order from Tokyo. These include having Curfew and Black out in Manila. It declared martial law. They confiscate guns and weapons. Any action against the Japanese is tantamount to death. The military has stated that for every Japanese killed, it will be equivalent to the killing of ten prominent Filipinos. Citizens of Allied Powers member countries are housed in Concentration Camps in Baguio, Los Banos, Manila and others.
Philippine Executive Commission
On January 23, 1942, the Japanese established the Philippine Executive Commission. It serves as the executive branch of the Japanese government in the Philippines. This commission, headed by Jorge B. Vargas, Mayor of Manila, has six departments: Internal, Justice, Finance, Education, Health and Public Birth, Public Labor and Communications. Each Department is headed by a Filipino commissioner and has his own Japanese adviser. Japanese advisers were put in place to monitor the actions of officials and ensure that the programs implemented were not against Japan. The Japanese also formed the State Council which serves as an advisor and assistant to the Philippine Executive Commission.
The Commonwealth Government was established in 1935 so that the Filipinos could have their own government but it was disrupted by World War II and the Japanese occupation.
December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor and Clark Air Base
December 10,1941, Japanese forces landed in Luzon.
January 2, 1942, the Japanese forcibly occupied Manila.
April 9, 1942, Filipino and American soldiers in Bataan surrendered to Gen. Yamashita.
Most of Bataan's 36,000 defenders died in the inhuman Death March.
October 20,1944, American forces returned to the island of Leyte.
October 23,1944, the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines was restored.
January 9,1945, US forces entered the Philippines under Gen. Douglas MacArthur who arrived in Manila on February 4 and recovered within three weeks.
July 4,1946, when the Philippines gained independence from the United States under the provisions of the McDuffie-Tyding's Act in 1934.
July 5, 1945, Washington announced the resumption of the Philippines.
Many consider it a golden age of short story and Tagalog play. The English language that the Americans claimed to be able to enter until the consciousness of the Filipinos was forbidden to be used by the Japanese so the one who enjoyed the result of this ban was the Filipino literature in the Tagalog language. A writer is a natural writer, so when English writing was banned he was forced to use Tagalog only to write. One of the consequences of this was the emergence of a type of writing technique that was mastered in English, even in the construction of sentences up to the writing style.
The National Language was inspired by the promotion of the conquest. They even gave a Filipino, Jose P Laurel, a chance to lead the baying under their guidance. The Philippines is involved. Conquered by the Japanese.
Mailkling Katha
The mailkling story branch is considered the most advanced of all branches of literature at this time. Under the management of the Surian ng Wikang Pambansa, the best short story was considered at this time.
The Poem
Haiku was rampant at that time. Haiku is a type of poetry consisting of seventeen syllables divided into three verses. The first verse has five syllables; the second has seven syllables; the third has five syllables (5-7-5). Although haiku is very short, it should have a broad meaning, lofty thoughts, sincere feelings and undeniable beauty.
Poet Ildefonso Santos revives the poem tanaga. It is also short like haiku but it has a size and match and each verse has seven syllables.
The Game
As a result of the hardships of life caused by war. People are looking for even the slightest bit of entertainment in theaters. Filming was halted due to the war and white-screen actors switched to theatrical performances. The big and small theaters then put on a play.
Novel
During the Japanese occupation, it can be said that novel writing did not flourish. This is due to the hardships of life and the printers have almost no role to play.
