# Mammoth
The elephant is the largest terrestrial mammal we have ever seen, but Baap Ka V Baap Hota He. Yes, today we will talk about a giant monster-like creature of ancient times, which is bigger than the current elephant. Her name is Mammoth.
# Mammoth:
Mammoths are any species of Mammuthus of the genus Elephantid. Proboscideans are those who have trunks in this genus.
Different species of mammoths had large, long tusks, and the northern species had hairy bodies.
# Duration:
They originally existed from the early plioncine (5 million years ago) to the late holocine, i.e. 4000 years ago.
# Expression:
The oldest known Proboscideans existed 55 million years ago, in the Tethys Sea region. Is the closest relative of Proboscidea
sireneans and hyraxes. It is known that the Elephantidae family existed in Africa 6 millon years ago, and elephants and mammoths belonged to this family. Of the many, Mastadon is the only relative of the mammoth and belongs to the Mammutide family, which became extinct 25 million years before the mammoth appeared.
The mammoth species can be identified by the number of enamel ridges on their molars, and their numbers continue to increase from ancient to new species. At the same time the crown of the teeth grows longer and the skull grows from top to bottom and from the back to the front it becomes smaller and smaller. The first members of the genus Mammuthus are known to be the Pliocene-era African species Mammuthus subplanifrons and the Pleistocene-age Mammuthus africanavus. The second is considered the successor of the first.
The molar of M. rumanus has 8-10 enamel ridges. A population had 12-14 ridges, this species was later replaced by M. meridionalis. Instead the species is again replaced by steppe mammoth (M. trogontherii), which had 18-20 ridges. Mammoths that were made from M. trogontherii 1 million years ago had 26 ridges in the mall and became the wooly mammoth (M.premigenius) in the Siberia region about 200,000 years ago. Colombian mammoth M.columbi was born from M.trogontherii who entered North America.
The Pleistocene period saw great changes among the mammals of the Eurasian ecclesiastical. Their cranium and mandible are smaller and taller, molar hypodonty index is increased, tooth enamel is thinner. This change traditionally helped European mammoths to be included in different distinct groups.
1) Early Pleistocene: Mammuthus meridionalis
2) Middle Pleistocene: Mammuthus trogontherii
3) Late Pleistocene: Mammuthus primigenius
Environment, climate change and migration certainly contributed to this mammoth evolution.
If we do not have wooly mammoth as an example, it can be seen that it used to live in open grass biome. The cool step-tundra of the Northern Hemisphere is the ideal location for the biome mammoth, as it provides all the resources needed.
I gave a diagram of this below, in the last picture.
# Expansion:
They existed in different parts of Asia, Africa, Europe, North America.
# Scientific classification:
State: Animalia
Episode: Chordata
Category: Mammalia
Order: Proboscidea
Family: Elephantidae
Subfamily: Elephantinae
Tribe: Elephantini
Mass: Mammuthus
¤ Types of common species: Mammuthus primigenius
Some of its species are:
1) M. africanavus
2) M. columbi
3) M. exilis
4) M. rumanus
4) M. lamarmorai etc.
The oldest species of mammoth is the South African species M. subplanifrons. Later species move north and divide into different species. The last species of mammoth is the wooly mammoth (M. primigenius).
# Description:
Like their modern relatives, they were large. The largest species still found had a shoulder height of 4m (13.1 ft) and weighed more than 8 tonnes and some exceptionally gigantic males weighed more than 12 tonnes. Most mammoths, however, were as large as modern Indian elephants, meaning a shoulder height of 2.5 to 3 meters, and a little more than 5 tonnes if they weighed too much. Both males and females of the mammoth had two large tusks, about 3-4 times that of today's elephants. This tooth first germinates at about six months of age, and at 18 years of age it is replaced by new teeth. The growth rate of these teeth is 2.5-15.2 cm per year. Based on research on their modern relatives (current elephants), it is claimed that their gestation period is about 22 months. They usually give birth to only one baby at a time. Scientists have studied the remaining mammoth babies to find that their excess body fat helps them retain heat and survive even at -50 'C. This fat also helps to increase their muscle mass, which gives them strength to face the enemy.
# Eating habits:
According to the differences in habitat and competition, the eating habits of the mammoths in each place were the same, although everyone ate almost the same type of food.
For example, the Colombian mammoth M. Columbi mainly ate grass. The food of American columbian mammoths was plants, herbs, shrubs, cactus, etc. This eating habit is estimated by looking at the nature of mammoth teeth and feces. Mammoths and hyposodont had molar teeth like modern elephants.
The Mongochean mammoths ate herbs, shrubs, larch, and probably alder, because scientists found moss particles in their stools.
European mammoths are plants that complete the C3 carbon cycle. This is assumed by reviewing the isotopic data of mammoth teeth.
# Extinction:
The last species of this genus was the wooly mammoth. Most of them were in North America and Eurasia. Columbian mammoths, on the other hand, die during snow retreat. Current research shows that wooly mammoths became extinct in Europe and northern Siberia typically 12,000 years ago, but new discoveries show that some creatures survived 10,000 years ago.
The warming that occurred during the Halocine period 12,000 years ago melted ice-age ice and raised sea levels, which was an influence on the extinction of mammoths. Although it did not play some role in the wider. Modern research suggests that the spread of modern predators in the Americas and Eurasia has played a major role in the extinction of mammoths. Climate change occurs and temperature varies from late pliestosine epoch to Holocene epoch. This climate change has led to the extinction of grass-fed mammoths. It is also thought that Late Paleolithic and Mesolithic predatory humans influenced the last population of mammoths in Europe. Homo erectus 1.8 million years ago people were known to eat mammoth meat. Looking at the 50,000-year-old bones of mammoths in southern Britain, it is estimated that Neanderthals also hunted mammoths. So there are many hypotheses about the extinction of mammoths.
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3) Lister, A. M .; Sher, A. V .; Van Essen, H .; Wei, G. (2005). "The pattern and process of mammoth evolution in Eurasia". Quaternary International. 126–128: 49–64. Bibcode: 2005QuInt.126 ... 49L. doi: 10.1016 / j.quaint.2004.04.014.
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Very well researched article..