facts about islam and the city of mecca

Umar, whose full name was Umar ibn al-Khaṭtāb, (born circa 586, Mecca, Arabia [now Saudi Arabia] —died November 3, 644, Medina, Arabia), the second Muslim caliph (from 634), who was under Arab armies conquered Mesopotamia and Syria. Then began to conquer Iran and Egypt. The Matahari Theater artist performs the play Lion of the Desert at the University of Muhammadiyah Makassar (8/5/2017). This theatrical performance by M. Hasan Pabdatabi Syam raises the story of Umar bin Khattab. Image source: ANTARA FOTO/Abriawan Abhe A member of the Adī ​​clan of the Meccan tribe of Quraish, Umar at first opposed the Prophet Muhammad, but around 615, became a Muslim. In 622, when he went to Medina with the Prophet Muhammad and other Muslims, he had become one of the main advisers of the Prophet Muhammad, who was closely related to Abū Bakr. His position in the state was marked by the marriage of the Prophet Muhammad to his daughter afṣah in 625. At the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632, Umar had a major role in reconciling the Muslims of Medina with the Muslim of Mecca, Abū Bakr, as head of state (caliph). Ab Bakr (r. 632–634) relied heavily on Umar and appointed him to succeed him. As caliph, Umar was the first to call himself “the commander of the believers” (amīr al-muʾminīn). His reign made the transformation of an Islamic state from an Arab empire to an influential power in the world

Throughout this extraordinary expansion, Umar controlled public policy closely and laid down the principles for managing the conquered lands. The structure of the later Islamic empire, including the practice of law, was largely due to his services. Umar founded the dīwān (retirement lists of fighters that over time evolved into powerful governing bodies), promulgated the Islamic Hijri calendar, and created the office of qadi (judges). He also founded the garrison cities of Al-Fus Fāṭ in Egypt and Basra and Kufa in Iraq. In 644 Umar was attacked by Abū Luʾluʾah and died of his wounds three days later. While he lay dying, Umar appointed a six-member council which eventually chose Ummah bin ibn Safin as his successor. A strong ruler, resolute against transgressors, and himself imprisoned to the point of ruthlessness, Umar was universally respected for his justice and authority. Its role for Islam and the world is widely recognized

Clothing of Ihram in the Holy Land To complete the pilgrimage, Muslims shed all the signs of their wealth and social distinction by wearing simple white garments, commonly called ihram garments. The necessary pilgrimage gowns for men are two white fabrics without stitches or seams, one of which covers the body from the waist down and the other that is gathered at the shoulders. The sandals worn by pilgrims should be made without seams as well. Before putting on ihram clothes, men shave their hair and trim their beards and nails. Women usually wear simple white dresses and headscarves, or their own original clothes, and they often neglect the face coverings. Ihram clothing is a symbol of purity and equality, and signifies that the pilgrim is in a state of devotion. The goal is to eliminate all class distinctions so that all pilgrims present themselves as equal in the eyes of God. For the final phase of the pilgrimage, men and women conclude the pilgrimage together, without separation – there is not even a gender difference between the pilgrims at this point. Cleanliness is considered very important during Hajj; if the clothes of ihram become dirty, the pilgrimage is considered invalid.

Holy Purification State The word ihram also refers to the state of personal sacred purification that pilgrims must undergo when they complete the Hajj. This holy state is symbolized by the garment of ihram, so the word is used to refer to the sacred clothing and mental state adopted during the Hajj. During Ihram, there is another requirement that Muslims follow to focus their energies on spiritual devotion. No harming living beings – hunting, fighting, or abusive language is prohibited, and weapons are not allowed. Pride is discouraged, and Muslims approach the pilgrimage assuming the most natural state possible: excessive perfumes and colognes are not used; hair and nails are left in their natural condition without trimming or trimming. Marriage relations are also postponed during this time, and marriage proposals or marriages are postponed until the service is complete. All scientific or business conversations are suspended during Hajj, to focus one's attention on God.