Nauru Island: The Smallest and Richest Island in the World
Nauru is known to be the smallest island nation on earth ,a floating driblet of rock one 10th the size of Washington, D.C. Forty years prior, it was probably the wealthiest country in the world because of its rich, profound phosphate mines not until their poor environmental resource management system bring them to their downfall.
1. What specific type of natural resource was found in the Nauru Island that play a significant contribution to the economy, how this natural resource formed in the island and what are the importance of the said resources in agriculture.
Phosphate has been mined on Nauru since 1907. For quite a long time it was Nauru's primary resource and sole export, this play a significant contribution to the overwhelming island's economy, its quality is ranked as the highest in the world. The phosphate industry and government services together provided almost all of the island’s salaried employment. Sailing to Nauru in 1901, Ellis found that 80 percent of the entire island, the raised central plateau Naurians call “Topside”, was rich in phosphate of lime. Nauru’s phosphate deposit is the result of thousands of years of bird droppings, also called guano. The importance of the said resources in agriculture which attracted the attention of the foreign companies is that it is an excellent fertilizer.
2. Identify and describe the Nauru island environmental changes cause by poor environmental resource management system.
The Nauru island experienced great environmental changes because of their poor environmental resource management system. In the process of mining phosphate to fertilize fields in faraway places, the country had rendered its own landscape infertile. While the mining business exploded, the land was systematically destroyed. Mining also affected marine life surrounding the island as silt and phosphate runoff contaminated the waters. These leads them to having almost all of their food being imported that even their fresh water is also being shifted. Nauru once, being rich in resources, now can’t even provide for food and water requirement of this generation, because of their mismanagement and inability to come out of the unrestrained consumption of resources.
3. In your opinion what is the best lesson learned of Naurian people in their previous natural resource management system.
In my opinion same us what I’ve heard in the videos presented to us, the best lesson learned of Naurian people is that they shouldn’t have demand and desire for more economic growth, more money, and more consumption without regarding the ecosystem balance. Greed, colonial mismanagement and incompetence will only lead us to downfall. Most of the time businesses don’t care enough about environmental preservation, it is always a secondary concern for them, they focus completely on the economic gains from businesses, which is a bad thing for we should ensure that we are not harming the environment, we should be planning on how to meet the requirement of current generation without affecting the ability of future generations to meet our own, not relaying on the notion “tomorrow will take care of itself”. Also conducting strategic environmental assessment and environmental impact assessment is one of the best lessons learned of Naurian people in their previous natural resource management system.
“Just Like Riding A Bicycle with Someone”:"Bakit? Bakit Natin ‘to Nararamdaman?"
**“Just Like Riding A Bicycle with Someone”**
It strikes in the most unexpected time and place,
Brings happiness and may put frown on your face.
It gives challenges that you need to make,
A forever treasure no one else can take.
When, where, and to whom, no one knows.
It’ll just surface and you won’t notice how slow,
How slowly you were being drugged and addicted,
To the feeling, that for sure is not scripted.
True love, is when you became selfless and responsible,
Giving without asking for a return, finding ways to be available.
Loving someone will make you do crazy yet beautiful things,
It might drive you insane, can give you a miserable living.
But do remember that it’s just like riding a bicycle with someone to find the right direction.
With her comes happiness but it adds load, balance your focus, accident depends on your action.
She may leave you but brace yourself cause’ you can still continue and drive alone.
Then load one again when you’re ready to continue and find your final destination.
**Bakit? Bakit Natin ‘to Nararamdaman?**
Di ko alam kung saan at kalian,
Kung bakit at ano ang dahilan.
Basta’t nagisng nalang ako na ikaw na ang laman.
Na hindi naman dapat dahil walang patutunguhan.
Bakit ba pilit mong ipinaparamdam,
Mga bagay na di dapat iparamdam.
Alam mo’t alam kong nakabigkis ka na,
Nakabigkis ka sa personang hindi ako kundi siya.
Ang sakit lang isipin na may nararamadaman ka,
May nararamdaman ka pero wala kang magawa.
Sa lubid niya’y sabi mo nga ay matagal ng wala,
Matagal ng, mahigpit na yakap sayo’y nawala.
Ilang beses na ba? Isa, dalawa?
Ilang beses ng mata ko’y lumuha,
Lumuha sa bagay na ako din ang may gawa.
Sapagkat pinili ko ang tama at kumawala.
Di malaman kung bakit natin nararamdaman,
Bakit pa kasi naramdaman, kung sa huli ay pighati ang mararanasan.
Bakit? Bakit natin ‘to nararamdaman?
Ang paulit-ulit na tanong, na kung bakit ay hindi ko din alam!
Di ko lang talaga lubos maintindihan,
Kung ba’t pilit mong pinagsisiksikan.
Kahit alam mong walang kahahantungan,
Pagkat sayo’y siya pa rin ang may karapatan.
Tanggapin nalang natin na, may mga bagay na,
gustuhin man nating makuha’y wala tayong magagawa.
Siguro’y may oras din para sa ating dalawa,
na sa pananaw ko’y tadhana nalang ang makapagdidikta.
Gusto ko lang malaman mo na minamahal din kita,
Na tinanong mo pa nga kung ba’t di ko pinapakita.
Di ko pinapakita dahil mas pinili ko ang tama,
Ang tamang gawin, na iyon ay iwasan ka.
Kung darating man yung panahong malaya ka na,
Kumatok ka’t handa akong pagbuksan ka.
Pagbubuksan ka kung sa panahong yan ay ikaw pa,
Ikaw pa ang laman at wala pang iniirog na iba!
Types of Switches for Manual, Mechanical, and Electronic Type.
**Electrical and Electronics Controls and Its Use and Applications in the AB Systems, Structures, and Facilities**
A physical interconnection of devices that influences the behavior of other devices or systems is known to be an electrical control system. Electronic control systems functions with the guide of info gadgets like sensors, that react somehow or another to this data and afterward utilizes electrical energy as a yield activity to control an actual cycle or play out some kind of numerical procedure on the sign. It can likewise be viewed as a cycle that changes one sign into another in order to give the ideal system reaction. Both information and yield factors to the systems are signals.
In the AB systems, the need and utilization of mechanization and robotization gadgets is expanding step by step in this modernized world. Mechanization implies the way toward controlling the gadgets by utilizing another system. Each electrical gadget is influenced by in any event one control system in everyday life. Electrical and gadgets controls are valuable in AB system, one of its applications, for an occurrence in motors, motor electronic control system which comprises of three kinds of segments: information, control, and yield gives total electronic control of all motor capacities. For the most part we use control system in modern purposes like quality controlling of items, power systems, advanced mechanics, space innovation, weapons system and transportation system and so on.
**The Types of Switches for Manual, Mechanical, and Electronic Type.**
**MANUAL SWITCH**
A manual switch is a switch that is constrained by an individual. As such, a manual switch is a switch that you turn on or then again off. Instances of normal manual switches are a light switch, the start switch on an engine vehicle, or the channel selector on a TV. You may not think of the channel selector as a switch that you use to turn something on or off, however that is what it does. The channel selector is utilized to turn on the legitimate circuit and permits the TV to get the channel you have chosen. There benefits are described by:
• Low manufacture costs.
• Quick structure and installation.• Greater degrees of power over when you change over power.
The lower cost intrinsic in establishment and buy makes a manual switch an ideal alternative for more modest activities or designs that utilization a comparatively more limited size generator.
**MECHANICAL SWITCHES**
Mechanical switches should be activated physically, by moving, squeezing, delivering, or contacting its contacts. Mechanical switches can be arranged into various sorts dependent on a few components like strategy for incitation (manual, limit also, measure switches), number of contacts (single contact and multi contact switches), number of shafts and tosses (SPST, DPDT, SPDT, and so on), activity and development (press button, switch, revolving, joystick, and so on), in view of state (transient and bolted switches), and so forth.
*Single Pole Single Throw Switch (SPST)*
Is the fundamental ON and OFF switch comprising of one info contact and one yield contact. It switches a solitary circuit furthermore, it can either make (ON) or break (OFF) the heap. The contacts of SPST can be either regularly open or ordinarily shut setups.
*Single Pole Double Throw Switch (SPDT)*
This switch has three terminals, one is input contact and staying two are yield contacts. This implies it comprise two ON positions and oddball position. In most of the circuits, these switches are utilized as changeover to associate the contribution between two selections of yields. The contact which is associated with the contribution of course is alluded as regularly shut contact and contact which will be associated during ON activity is a typically open contact.
*Double Pole Single Throw Switch (DPST)*
This switch comprises of four terminals, two info contacts and two yield contacts. It acts like a two separate SPST designs, working at a similar time. It has just one ON position, yet, it can impel the two contacts all the while, with the end goal that each information contact will be associated with its relating yield contact. In OFF position the two switches are at open state. This kind of switches is utilized for controlling two distinct circuits all at once. Additionally, the contacts of this switch might be by the same token ordinarily open or regularly shut designs.
*Double Pole Double Throw Switch (DPDT)*
Is a double ON/OFF switch comprising of two ON positions. It has six terminals, two are input contacts and staying four are the yield contacts. It carries on like a two separate SPDT design, working simultaneously. Two information contacts are associated with the one bunch of yield contacts in a single position and in another position, input contacts are associated with the other arrangement of yield contacts.
*Push Button Switch*
It is a momentary contact switch that represents the moment of truth association as long as pressure is applied (or when the catch is pushed). By and large, this pressing factor is provided by a catch squeezed by somebody's finger. This catch returns its typical position, when the pressing factor is eliminated. The inner spring system works these two states (squeezed and delivered) of a press button. It comprises of fixed and portable contacts, of which fixed contacts are associated in arrangement with the circuit to be exchanged while mobile contacts are appended with a press button. Press catches are significantly grouped into typically open, regularly shut and twofold acting press fastens as demonstrated in the abovementioned figure. Twofold acting press catches are by and large utilized for controlling two electrical circuits.
*Toggle Switch*
A toggle switch is physically incited (or on the other hand pushed up or somewhere near) a mechanical handle, switch or shaking component. These are regularly utilized as light control switches. The majority of these switches come with at least two switch positions which are in the renditions of SPDT, SPST, DPST and DPDT switch. These are utilized for exchanging high flows (as high as 10 A) and can likewise be utilized for exchanging little flows. These are accessible in various evaluations, sizes and styles and are utilized for various sort of applications. The ON condition can be any of their level positions, nonetheless, by show the descending is the shut or ON position.
*Limit Switch*
The control plans of a limit switch are appeared in above figure, in which four assortments of cutoff switches are introduced. A few switches are worked by the presence of an item or by the nonappearance of items or by the movement of machine rather than human hand activity. These switches are called as breaking point switches. These switches comprise of a guard sort of arm impelled by an article. At the point when this guard arm is activated, it causes the switch contacts to change position.
*Float Switches*
These are for the most part used to recognize the development of fluid or wind current through a line or pipe. The air flow switch (or a micro switch) is developed by a snap-activity. This micro switch is appended to a metal arm which is a slight plastic or a metal piece is associated. At the point when a lot of air goes through the metal or plastic piece, it causes the development of metal arm and hence works the contacts of the switch. Fluid stream switches are planned with a paddle that embedded across the progression of fluid in a line. At the point when fluid moves through the line, power applied against the oar changes the situation of the contacts. The above figure shows the switch image utilized for both air flow and liquid flow. The flag symbol on the switch shows the oar which detects the stream or development of fluid. These switches again ordinarily open or on the other hand typically shut sort setups.
*Pressure Switches*
These switches are usually utilized in modern applications to detect the pressing factor of pressure driven frameworks and pneumatic gadgets. Relies upon the reach of strain to be estimated, these pressure switches are characterized into stomach worked pressure switch, metal roar type pressure switch and cylinder type pressure switch. In every one of these types, pressure discovery component works a bunch of contacts (which can be either twofold post or single shaft contacts). This switch image comprise a half-circle associated with a line where level part shows a stomach. These switches might be either regularly open or typically shut sort setups.
*Temperature Switches*
The most well-known heat sensing element is the bimetallic strip that works on the principle of thermal expansion. The bimetallic strips are made with two disparate metals (that are having distinctive warm extension rates) and are reinforced with one another. The switch contacts are worked when the temperature makes the strip twist or wrap. Another strategy for working the temperature switch is to utilize mercury glass tube. At the point when the bulb is warmed, mercury in the cylinder will extend and afterward creates strain to work the contacts.
*Joystick Switch*
Joystick switches are physically impelled control gadgets utilized primarily in compact control gear. It comprises of a switch which moves unreservedly in more than one pivot of movement. Contingent upon the development of the switch pushed, one or more switch contacts are impelled. These are undeniably appropriate for bringing down, raising and setting off developments to one side and right. These are utilized for building hardware, link controls and cranes. The image for the joystick is appeared underneath.
*Rotary Switches*
These are utilized for associating one line to one of numerous lines. Instances of these switches are range selectors in electrical metering hardware, channel selectors in specialized gadgets and band selectors in multi-band radios. It comprises of at least one moving contacts (handle) and more than one fixed contact. These switches are accompanied distinctive course of action of contacts, for example, single post 12-way, 3-shaft 4-way, 2-shaft 6- way and 4-post 3-way.
**ELECTRONIC SWITCHES**
Electronic switches don't need any actual contact to control a circuit. These are enacted by semiconductor activity. The electronic switches are by and large called as strong state switches in light of the fact that there are no physical moving parts and consequently nonattendance of actual contacts. The vast majority of the machines are constrained by semiconductor switches like engine drives and HVAC hardware. There are various kinds of solid-state switches are accessible in today market with various sizes and appraisals. A portion of these strong state switches incorporate semiconductors, SCRs, MOSFETs, TRIACs and IGBTs.
*Bipolar Transistors*
A transistor either permits the current to pass or it blocks the current as like working of ordinary switch. In exchanging circuits, semiconductor works in remove mode for OFF or on the other hand current impeding condition and in immersion mode for ON condition. The dynamic locale of the semiconductor isn't utilized for exchanging applications.
Both NPN and PNP semiconductors are worked or turned ON when an adequate base current is provided to it. At the point when a little current stream however the base terminal provided by a driving circuit (associated between the base and producer), it causes to turns ON the authority producer way. Furthermore, it is killed when the base current is taken out and base voltage is diminished to a slight negative worth. Despite the fact that it uses little base current, it is able to convey a lot higher flows through the collector-emitter way.
*MOSFET*
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) is a unipolar furthermore, high recurrence exchanging gadget. It is a most normally utilized exchanging gadget is power electronic applications. It has three terminals specifically channel (yield), source (normal) and door (input). It is a voltage-controlled gadget, i.e., by controlling information (door to source) voltage, opposition between the channel and source is controlled which further decides the ON and OFF condition of the device. MOSFETs can be a P-channel or N-channel gadgets. The N-channel MOSFET is tuned ON by applying a positive VGS with regard to the source (gave that VGS ought to be more prominent than limit voltage).P-direct MOSFET works in a comparable way of N-channel MOSFET yet it employments turn around extremity of voltages. Both VGS and VDD are negative with deference the source to turn ON the P-channel MOSFET.
*IGBT*
IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) consolidates the few benefits of bipolar intersection power semiconductor and power MOSFET. Like a MOSFET, it is a voltage-controlled gadget and has lower ON state voltage drop (not exactly that of MOSFET and nearer to control semiconductor). It is a three terminal semiconductor high speed exchanging gadget. These terminals are producer, authority and door. Like the MOSFET, IGBT can be turned ON by applying a positive voltage (more noteworthy than the edge voltage) between the entryway and producer. IGBT can be turned by decreasing the voltage across the entryway producer to nothing. In the vast majority of the case it needs adverse voltage to lessen turn OFF misfortunes and securely turn OFF the IGBT.
*SCR*
A Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) most broadly utilized high velocity exchanging gadget for power control applications. It is a unidirectional gadget as a diode, comprising of three terminals, to be specific anode, cathode and entryway. A SCR is turned ON and OFF by controlling its entryway input and biasing states of the anode and cathode terminals. SCR comprises of four layers of substitute P and N layers to such an extent that limits of each layer structures intersections J1, J2 and J3.
*TRIAC*
Triac (or TRIode AC) switch is a bidirectional exchanging gadget which is an comparable circuit of two consecutive SCRs association with one entryway terminal. Its ability to control AC power in both positive and negative pinnacles of the voltage waveform regularly makes these gadgets to be utilized in engine speed regulators, light dimmers, pressure control frameworks, engine drives and other AC control hardware.
*DIAC*
A DIAC (or DIode AC switch) is bidirectional exchanging gadget and it comprises of two terminals which are definitely not named as anode and cathode. It implies that a DIAC can be worked in by the same token course paying little heed to the terminal distinguishing proof. This shows that the DIAC can be utilized one or the other way. When a voltage is applied across a DIAC, it all things considered works in forward obstructing or converse hindering mode except if the applied voltage is not exactly the breakover voltage. Once the voltage is expanded more than breakover voltage, torrential slide breakover happens and gadget begins leading.
*Gate Turn-Off Thyristor*
A GTO (Gate Turn off Thyristor) is a bipolar semiconductor exchanging gadget. It has three terminals as anode, cathode and door. As the name suggests, this exchanging gadget is competent to kill through door terminal. A GTO is turned ON by applying a little certain door current triggers the conduction mode and killed by a negative heartbeat to the door. GTO image comprises of twofold bolts on the entryway terminal which addresses the bidirectional stream of current through entryway terminal.
Hi hoomans, it's been awhile since the last time I've posted here. I'm back haha. Hope everyone's fine! Good night!
@CLANDESTINE0819
Good morning guys, have a nice day ahead. Hoping to have a new phone the soonest so I could post articles again. Be safe, God bless you all!
How to Determine Shapes of AB Materials.
**MATERIALS**
Weighing scale
Caliper
Cylinder
Graduated cylinder
Knife
Calculator
Tabulation sheet or any paper
Pen
**PROCEDURE:**
1. Prepare the different AB materials of your choice – fruits, vegetables, root crops or grains.
*Note: (A minimum of three types of AB materials, of different varieties each).*
2. Get the mass of each sample so that you will distinguish each one of it.
3. Get the volume of each sample by means of water displacement method for additional data which you may use in the different ways of solving for the determination of the shape of your chosen commodities.
FOR APPARENT VOLUME
Prepare the cylinder and put it in a flat surface where you can read the measurement in eye level
Pour water from a container into a cylinder until it reaches a height that will cover the sample. Record the level of water. This is the "initial water level".
*Note: The surface of water in a tube may not be completely flat. Instead, the surface may curve in a shallow U-shape called the meniscus. When measuring, read the line just at the bottom of the meniscus.*
Tilt the graduated cylinder and slowly slide the sample into the water. Place the graduated cylinder upright on the table. If the sample floats (type 2- lighter than water sample), use a pencil to gently push the top of the sample just under the surface of the water. Record the level of the water. Note that this is the “final water level.”
Subtract the initial water level from the final water level to find the volume of the sample AB Materials. (Volume of the sample = Final water level - Initial water level).
*Note: “1 mL = 1 cm3 ”. The unit for volume in the graduated cylinder is milliliters (mL), so you can simply change the unit to cubic centimeters (cm3 ).*
4. Describe the standard shape of your AB materials. Refer to the table below for the different description of the different standard shapes.
5. Using the caliper, get the major diameter, minor diameter and the intermediate diameter of the sample. Tabulate the data acquired.
6. Make a longitudinal section as well as cross-section on the selected materials then identify the shape of the cut section.
Examples:
*Note: In identifying the shape of food material it is usually express in terms of roundness, through sphericity and aspect ratio.*
For Sphericity:
Sphericity can be calculated using the formula ;
where the volume of circumscribed sphere can be solve using the formula
Sphericity can be also calculated using the Triaxial Ellipsoid formula;
where (a) is the major radius, (b) is the minor radius and (c) is the intermediate radius.
For Aspect Ratio:
Aspect Ratio can be calculated by the formula ;
where (b) is the width and (a) is the length.
@CLANDESTINE0819
My Best Friend's Whirlwind Life.
Welcoming the new generation, leaving the 1990's, day before the moon of love takes place, when the world was under the guidance of Bulan, hours before the roasters sowed tinnituss of snoring snow white, in a leafy neighborhood in the site of Mercedes, a vigorous yelping young maid named Neña come from a narrow cave owned by a homemaker Mrs. Lourdes and a copartner trustee of bowery Mr. Romeo. The owner often called her, "Nene" and "Nen". She was the fifth out of four Magayon and three Makusog treasures to come out from the cave. She loves strawberry flavored food and love reading fictitious books. Capable of filling their stomach three times a day and sustain their desires in life. Sprightly indwelling in the idyllic site of Mercedes, Pilar, Sorsogon.
Nen was used to burn brows when she starts depending on pencil and pens to achieve her goals in life. By that she leave the Mercedes Elementary School bringing the title of on top and deliver the valedictorian speech as her message. Stepping on to the next level, she was associated to the board of overseer of their room. With the willpower of pursuing her dream she became acceded to be a teachers pet, a paragon student whom can be seen in their department as early as Aldaw will shamefaced of enthusing itself anymore, and able to join Yes-O Camps. This time she leaves the Manuel T. Sia National High School initiating the deliberation of the message of Pledge of Loyalty.
Her world persists circulating like a wheel. In her twenty years of journey, the day she's mark being on legal age became her best page of life, it's as if she was magnetize to that page that she want to turn into that again and again. That day happens to have the complete lineage and other nobleman who fulfills her life's happiness, her kindred, butties, messmates, and especially her preponderant friend named Czarina. A sedate but solicitous person who holds tight to her notions and principles in life tightly, she often says, " if I'm right Ill go fight for it, I won't be ashamed of all things I've done especially if its sincere and I'll do take big risks, fight for all the person that will harm my family", that's how she value the one that roots them and seeds she's accompanied. She has platonic felicity, in her interview she said "seeing my mother and father happy, is the thing that makes me truly smile". And she's acquiescent to prosecute her cloud castles, she already fantasizes wearing a DSLR, capturing propitious minutes, and searching for the dilemmas of a community, social worker. But before that she fantasizes first her dearest parties, see how she'll proudly take a step to be one of those alumni's of A National High School.
And now, she's already in her 3rd year college, dealing with the modules to be able to be ready on imparting knowledge to kids and be their second mother. Life is like a whirlwind really, you'll never know what happens next. We've separated ways but we still have communications, together we are chasing our dreams, we fought to reach succes. Giving up is not in our vocabulary. We're patiently to see ourselves wearing our desired uniform, hearing our laughters of success echoed, which will sound music to our ears. She may not be in the path of her first dream, but she's now happy with the path she's in. Well people change, our mind changes, change is the constant thing in the world. The most important thing is that, we're fighting and we keep on walking forward. I am proud of her.
This is my best friend's biography. I just want to write it creatively for her. I'm so happy for her achievements in life.
@CLANDESTINE0819
Redox Reaction of Copper and Silver
**Lab Techniques**
• Measuring mass
• Transferring liquids
**Materials**
• 15 cm bare copper wire
• Filter paper
• Test tube
• Test tube stand
• Petri plate
• Stirring rod
• Wash bottle
• 50-ml beaker
• 50-ml graduated cylinder
• Small funnel
• Silver nitrate (AgNO3)
• Distilled water
**Precautions**
• Wear safety goggles, rubber gloves, face mask and lab coat; silver nitrate will stain clothes and skin. Flush with water in the event of contact.
• Handling silver nitrate solutions will lead to black stains where it is spilled. It is also poisonous. Be especially careful to avoid getting it in the eyes.
**Procedure**
1. Obtain a 15 cm length of bare copper wire and coil it around a pencil, forming a loose coil or "spring" on one end. Stretch the coil to reach from the bottom to the top of the tube. The other end should reach to the top of your test tube and be uncoiled.
2. Make a hook on one end of the spring for weighing.
3. Weigh the coil as accurately as possible with the available balance. Place the copper wire in the test tube.
4. Weigh ~1.5 grams of silver nitrate in your beaker.
5. Weigh a piece of filter paper for use in separating the silver later.
6. Pour 20 mL of distilled water into your beaker. Use a stirring rod to stir until completely dissolved. To avoid stains, be sure to rinse the stirring rod with distilled water before setting it down.
7. Add the silver nitrate solution into the test tube containing the copper wire. Rinse the beaker and rod with distilled water, adding this rinse to the test tube.
8. Note any evidence for reaction in the tube.
9. Set the tube aside until the reaction is completed (~2 hours).
10. After the reaction is complete, shake the wire and dislodge the silver allowing it to fall to the bottom of the test tube.
11. Any silver that adheres to the wire can be rinsed back into the solution by squirting it with a stream of water from the wash bottle of distilled water. You may wish to use a beaker to wash the wire.
12. Pour off the blue solution through the filter paper into the waste beaker, being sure to keep the silver precipitate in the test tube. Rinse with distilled water and decant several times to wash the silver. Finally wash onto a filter paper. If a beaker was used to wash the wire, be sure to wash the contents of the beaker into the filter collecting silver.
13. Allow filter paper to dry until next meeting.
14. Weigh the copper coil during the next class period, if necessary.
15. Cool the filter paper to room temperature.
16. Weigh the silver and filter paper.
17. Be sure you have all the data carefully recorded.
**Activity**
Data:
1. Mass of copper coil before the reaction,g
______________
2. Mass of copper coil after the reaction, g
______________
3. Mass of copper reacted, g
______________
4. Mass of filter paper, g
______________
5. Mass of filter paper + silver, g
______________
6. Mass of silver produced by the reaction, g
______________
**Calculations and Discussions**:
1. Find the number of moles of silver produced.
2. Find the number of moles of copper consumed during the reaction.
3. Find the mole ratio of copper to silver in this reaction (round to the nearest whole number).
4. Write a balanced equation for the reaction using the mole ratio derived above as the coefficients.
5. During the middle ages, a group of people called alchemists searched unsuccessfully for a way to "transmute" or change one element to another, e.g. lead to gold. Was the copper "transmuted" into silver in this experiment? Explain.
Just wanna share this activity we perform two years ago, I enjoyed doing it, you can also do it if you're interested about the topic. Comment your thoughts and queries below.
@CLANDESTINE0819
“The Level of Spices I’ve Tasted” (Biography)
“Things don’t pass for what they are, but for what they seem. Most things are judged by their jackets.” Baltasar Gracian, 17th – Century Spanish Writer.
In time Adlaw's eyes were bright wide open, twenty-one years before this year takes place, four moons and eight suns before Jesus Christ was born comes a roaring lady named the wife of a Russian Czar who gives happiness and light to the kind housekeeper and gasoline's costumer couple named Chona and Warren Sr. Living in the province of Sorsogon, municipality of Pilar, barangay Danlog. Fond of reading action, science fiction and mystery/thriller fiction books; knows how to draw, how to dance, and do love to eat chocolates as well. Having one "maganda" and five "makisig" bro, second to the eldest and the most "papas" girl. Not born with golden spoon in mouth, capable of eating three times a day and buy the needs a family needs for every single day.
Twenty-one years of existence and I am having great time dealing with my challenges in life. We live in the Philippines like NPA. I experience breathing the polluted air in Pasig City where I first witnessed the mother earth, in San Juan Metro Manila where I started participating facing books, papers, and pencil at CCM Heart Start (2003-2004). Then last 2006, the year we started breathing the fresh air of Visayas, where my mind started to open and understand things. It is the place where I start wearing Doña Maria Elementary School's uniform for 5 consecutive years. We live in there like those on fairytales, magical and peaceful. We're enjoying every birthdays each one of us have and go for a family bonding in the beach.
Unfortunately while happily breathing and feeling together the fresh air in Visayas a big challenge had come to us, year 2010 in the sixth day of the tenth month of the year, before the dawn breaks, we found my father sleeping peacefully with his body cold and breathless which was mastered by his sister's angelic demon witchdoctor husband who do nothing but begrudge our father and family. With that we head to the region which is known for the perfect cone it has, we need a new fresh air again, in the place where polluted air won't reach us to continue our pathways. With a super hero mother we've pass through those difficulties as easy as adding 1 by 1. Here, I started wearing the Danlog Elementary School's uniform for a year until I finished wearing uniforms, then wear the Manuel T. Sia National High School's uniform for 4 consecutive years and look for a new uniform to find my senior uniform, which I found at Anislag National High School. Now, I am in the third phase of inculcating the practices and knowledge to become an Agricultural and Biosystems Engineer, and is continuously dealing with the challenging atmosphere in Bicol University College of Agriculture and Forestry, accumulating memorabilia.
I’ve tasted different levels of spices within the span of my existence, I may smile a lot, but I’ve been through a lot. I've gone through wearing many different kind of uniform, positively anticipating to change the current uniform I am wearing, change it to the professional uniform I've been imagining. If you'll witness my whole life story, you'll realize how hard it is, so if you're tired and hopeless because you feel so downgraded, think twice. Remember that it is not only you who experienced the hardships life has given, others might been through a way harder phase of their lives. God is always there, He won't let you down, and those hardships are just a test to make you be a better and stronger individual, He won't give us challenges we can't conquer. Keep moving forward, keep fighting, for a more wonderful sunrise is waiting for you. As time passes by, you will never notice that you've overcome all your problems in the past, living it as a memory you'll never forget and will forever cherish knowing that you've surpass that stage of your life. You won’t know what life is, and how important it is if you won’t taste the spices it has, try to taste it before you judge that you can’t swallow it. Don't let your worries eat you, don't hold back, you're only fighting against yourself, go chase your dreams, go with the flow and enjoy life through the process, Someone's guiding you. Think of this, if all the people have given up at the first trial they’ve had in life, do you think the real meaning of “happiness” will be define by now? Do you think you will experience and feel the true happiness if you’ll give up now?
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Laboratory Equipment Being Used In Determining the Different Properties of AB Materials
**PHYSICAL PROPERTIES**
The following are laboratory instruments, machines, devices or equipment being used in determining the physical properties of AB Materials.
MICROMETER
An instrument consists of a C-shaped frame with a movable jaw operated by an integral screw which can be used for making precise linear measurements of physical dimensions such as diameters, thicknesses, and lengths of some of the AB materials. In full, it is called “micrometer caliper”.
PYCNOMETER
Pycnometer bottles are usually made of glass and have a ground glass stopper with a capillary tube for air bubbles to escape, it is used for measuring and comparing densities or specific gravities of some of the AB materials.
SIEVE
Is a device with meshes or perforations through which finer particles of a mixture of various sizes may be passed which can be used in determining and comparing the sizes of small particles of some of the AB materials.
**TEXTURAL PROPERTIES**
TEXTURE ANALYSER
Is a texture measurement system that moves in either an up or down direction to compress or stretch a sample. It can measure properties such as fracturability, chewiness, stickiness, consistency, bite force and springiness by means of compression, extension, cutting, extruding, bending and shearing tests. It one of the equipment used to measure the texture of some of the AB materials.
SUCCULOMETER
This is used in effectively measuring the texture of fruits by means of com pression.
TENDEROMETER
Designed to give high precision outcomes in the comparative measurement of the hardness and ripeness of fresh or scalded products, particularly peas, beans, broad beans, and legumes; ripeness is also used for legume price determination at source.
VACCUM COMPRESSION
Machine designed for compressing fruits and vegetableswhich is one of the popular modernist technique in doing the texture modification which give many plant foods an attractive translucent appearance and a pleasant, surprising texture.
**OPTICAL PROPERTIES**
POLARIMETER
Used in measuring optical rotation commonly in sugar, food, chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturing industries as a production control and quality assurance tool.
BINOCULAR MICROSCOPE
It integrates traditional visual and digital imaging capabilities, has advanced image measurement and analysis which is widely used for scientific researches, biology, agriculture, food, and other fields.
**THERMAL PROPERTIES**
TEMPERATURE RECORDING METER
The temperature recording meter is a kind of instrument used to test and record the temperature and the humidity. It can be used in measuring the temperature of some of the AB materials
DILATOMETER
Dilatometry is a method for characterizing dimensional changes of a material as a function of temperature. Its measurement may be performed across a temperature range (e.g. from 800° to 1600°C), or a specific controlled temperature program to mimic industrial processes.
**FRICTIONAL AND**
**RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES**
The following are laboratory instruments, machines, devices or equipment being used in determining the frictional and rheological properties of AB Materials:
ROTARY VISCOMETER
This instrument is applicable to various kinds of liquid and determination of the absolute semiliquid viscosity and include determination of grease, paint, food, and medicine, cosmetic, glue, etc., which is a big help to monitor our AB materials products.
MINI-TRACTION MACHINE (MTM)
The Mini-traction Machine (MTM) is a multi-purpose instrument for measuring friction and traction properties of lubricated and unlubricated surface contacts, under a wide range of rolling and sliding conditions.
TRIBOMETER
Also called as tribotester is a generic name for a device which is used to measure friction force developed between surfaces in a relative motion. Tribometers are typically also used to measure or at least qualitatively observe wear of the materials.
DISCOVERY HYBRID RHEOMETERS
This is the latest innovations in rotational shear rheometers, the Discovery Hybrid Rheometer HR 10, HR 20, and HR 30. The Discovery Hybrid Rheometers are designed for scientists who need to obtain better rheological data, under the widest range of measurement conditions, collected by more users, with less training. The rheometer with the sensitivity ease-of-use versatility.
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“Quantifying the Heat Content of Calcium Carbide as a Source of Energy”
Nowadays people were continuously seeking for sources of energy, worldwide. The most frugally efficient conventional energy sources they had now were finite and is being depleted continuously as the time passes by. Also one of the challenges people were facing nowis about poverty, wherein they’re in need of source energy which isaffordable enough. Especially to those people who were located inplaces unreachable of electricity which needing a heat source energythe most. Likewise farmers, which by the observations of there searchers is needing light and heat energy when they go working onwoodlands far reachable of electricity. That is why the researcherswanted to study about the heat content of calcium carbide combined with water being a source of heat energy.
According to Damien Thryn, calcium carbide is a chemical compound that is when combined with water produces acetylene gas, and that the compound has numerous industrial application. In the record, there were many people who already tried studying about calcium carbide, like Ealious D. Bell who discussed in her invention of“Calcium Carbide Power System with Waste Energy Recovery” whichis calcium carbide based power system for stationary and mobilepower plants, that the carbide is reacted with water to create heat andacetylene, with the acetylene then being burned to heat a boiler for providing steam to a steam expander. Which, in this invention, sheproposed the acetylene produced by calcium carbide as a source of fuel for a conventional internal combustion engine. However it is not the study the researchers will focus on.
The main purpose of this study is to generate a source of energy, specifically heat energy, using the heat content of calcium carbide,unlike what others commonly studying for like making calciumcarbide chemical compound as a source or alternative for fuel and as aproduction of acetylene. In this study the researchers will focus on the maximum heat the calcium carbide can produce to become a heatenergy source. Certainly the researchers aim to answer the following queries:
1. How was calcium carbide formed?
2. Does calcium carbide produced heat energy when combined with water?
3. Can the heat content of calcium carbide when combined with water enough to boil a water?
This is a study conducted two years ago, what do you think is the answers to the queries above. Share your thoughts, feel free to comment below.
@CLANDESTINE0819
Design Process of AJC PUFFERLIFE: A Drowning Life-Saving Intelligent System
Personal Flotation Device is the single most important piece of equipment needed in order to prevent people from drowning. However, considering the size, weight and portability of the existing life saving device, the chance of survival are at risk. Traditional flotation devices as well as new inflatable life jackets are designed for different boating activities and water conditions and each has its own maximum buoyancy, performance level, and limitations. However, we cannot assume that in every situation we have this specific type of floatation device. That is why the we would like to introduce a new life-saving device that is more suitable to every situation related from drowning and its function is a great help to reduce the percentage of deaths and accidents caused by drowning.
Personal Flotation devices were introduced in previous years but what the researchers deemed as a novelty on this study is that the researchers are pursuing to invent a new device not just to save lives, but also paying attention to tracking, movement limitation, victim survival time and lifeguard rescue time. Since time is a very important factor in the implementation of water rescue operations, it will be more efficient for the researchers to categorize these devices based on time that is needed to lperform a successful rescue process.
This study is anchored on the Archimedes‘ Principle, Physical Law of Buoyancy, which was first discovered by the ancient Greek mathematician and inventor Archimedes at Syracuse on the island of Sicily in the third century B.C. Archimedes' Principle states that any body completely or partially submerged in a fluid (gas or liquid) at rest is acted upon by an upward, or buoyant, force, wherein the magnitude of which is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.
According to Archimedes‘ principle, when you fall into the water, you will displace just as much water as your weight. However, you will also receive an upwards force equal to the water that you displaced and which is also equal to your weight. With the help of the principle of buoyancy, lots of lifesaving flotation devices were developed over the past centuries which have been saving lives for generations. PFD, known as Personal Flotation Device, that was made in the early 19th century when lifesaving services were formed for the personal safety of boat crews heading out in pulling boats in generally horrific sea conditions has been improvised in this century. Applying Archimedes‘ principle of buoyancy, people has developed different types of PFD's, like life jackets for boating, fishing life jackets, wakeboard life jackets, life jackets for jet ski, and sailing life jackets to mention but few, however, all of them work the same way.
Archimedes‘ Principle, Physical Law of Buoyancy had been also a great help in producing a quality personal flotation devices with its different ratings for its different types, wherein the rating depends on the buoyancy needed and the application of the device. Basically, every individual should know how to choose life jackets based on the circumference of their chest area with its buoyancy rating that will hold up their selves.
Given that lifesaving flotation devices are indeed needed especially people loves to travel around the world which is surrounded by water putting chances of survival at risk, proposing a new smart flotation device that will easily rescue a human within a short period of time must work for the betterment and benefit of the society. Since not everyone is comfortable with the traditional bulky life jackets, the principle of buoyancy will help people produce suggestions and development of a more effective and comfortable to wear personal flotation devices.
Using the Archimedes‘ Principle, Physical Law of Buoyancy, the researchers, as responsible Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering students, will propose a project on life-saving flotation device that will easily rescue human‘s precious life within a short period of time without having any major injury and help them be comfortable on wearing such thing.
**Design Process of AJC PUFFERLIFE: A Drowning Life-Saving Intelligent System**
Design considerations are made through reviews of related literature and studies, and articles from the internet searches. Researchers searched the Science Direct, Google Scholar, Google patents databases, and other reliable sources by using the following keywords: swimming, water sports and activities, beaches, swimming pool, drowning, rescue, rescue device, Personal Flotation Devices (PFDs) and life guard.
This search includes all the published papers and articles until 2020. The materials are determined by the time refined design was being formulated. Through incorporating the various principles of mechanism in science and the technological advancement, it creates variance among other existing flotation gears and devices.
**Design Consideration**
The present study is conceptualized through consultations, observations, and research. The researchers have taken into account the function of nature as an inspiration of the device to be made. The following are considered in the design of the device: portability and lightweight, materials availability, ease of operation, ease of assembly or disassembly, and the overall performance.
**Basis of Design**
The researchers will come up to the idea of biomimicry which offers an empathetic, interconnected understanding on how life works. Being Pufferfish to mimic, it allows the researchers to focus on developmental solution from the nature function of the fish. Applying the concepts of the ability and function of Pufferfish when it is in trouble mainly contributes as basis of the design particularly to the mechanism of the device- much like the proposed device can inflate when you find yourself in an emergency situation in the water. It is nature of Pufferfish to inflate by ingesting water or in some cases air resulting their skin becomes stretched, especially around abdomen.
Thus, the researchers decided to adapt the nature concept to the basis of design. Furthermore, the design of the device is mainly influenced by the modern fashion chest bag however more enhance with portability and advance system through the hybrid microprocessor built in.
**Assembly of AJC PUFFERLIFE: A Drowning Life-Saving Intelligent System**
AJC PUFFERLIFE is a rescue device that can be used in different areas like beaches, pools and other bodies of water. This device will be composed of four (4) major components: Initial conveying assembly, smart alarm monitor apparatus, receiving transformation, and data processing. This present device is an electronic device that works with batteries.
System Components Description
Major components of the device are discussed below:
1. Initial conveying assembly. This component comprises the main gas cylinders and the four (4) gas cartridges. The device needs to bring high-pressure gas cylinders. CO2 is commonly used to inflate life rafts and inflatable life jackets because it is an inert, non-flammable, inexpensive gas which is easily obtained and cheap to manufacture worldwide. The gas cylinders are fit to the gas cartridges where automation reaction is activated when fixed.
2. Smart alarm monitor apparatus. This device includes a drowning detection device. A small hexagon box-size device that will be located in chest area when worn. Advance chipsets and microprocessor are to be built in the apparatus. It will activate the auto-detection, and biometric captors for inflation mechanism. Also, this unit with automatic inflation mechanisms may also be manually inflated by pressing the press button in both sides of the device.
3. Receiving transformation. The soundwaves signal converter will be embedded in alarm monitor apparatus for it is the heart of the AJC PUFFERLIFE. There are four (4) silicon straps conne cted from the four gas cylinder to the bag pouch where the compressed inflatable air bag is found.
The inflatable bag comes with variety of sizes according to age of person.
This air bag has a bright color to enhance visibility.
4. Data processing. This component automatically responds for rescue. The electric signal detector sends to the data processing device via a wired or wireless technology. This happen because of built spike radar in the inflatable bag adapting the concept of pufferfish‘s spike for the enhance protection. Also, with whistle and compass for extra visibility as the air bag inflate.
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Cell Phone: How it affected the Society
Cell phone is one of the technological inventions that has the greatest impact to humanity and the society.
Around 200,000 years ago since the age of modern man began, inventions and innovation has been in progress which brought impressive developments that have changed the way we live and work; rom primitive developments to today's high-tech gadgets which has become indispensable in our daily routines. One of this is the cellular phone that has changed the world and created new possibilities for communication which have only expanded over the period of time.
In 1973, Martin Cooper changed the world by his invention of cell phone. Though cellular technology concepts had already been created at AT&T, it was him and Motorola who presented that a more portable device is possible. By his desire to make people have the freedom to use a phone without being tied to their vehicle, home, or desk he came up to the idea of the cellular phone, which as time passes by was innovated and is now a very powerful device.
Cell phones has change the world and has affected the society both positively and negatively. Cell phones has serve as a necessary communications tool and it provides fast access to the internet wherein you don`t need to worry how to communicate with anyone effectively in an instant despite the distance that separates you with them, you can even talk to them through video calls in order for the both of you to see each other, unlike before which you can only communicate through writing method which will take lots of days before it can reach its recipient depending on how far you are to each other. It offers you another layer of personal safety, modern cellphone is undeniably portable, and so you can bring it with you anytime making it easy for you to call for emergencies whenever needed. It teaches children how to be responsible, they can learn in their early age with the tutorial videos uploaded in the internet, just make sure the presence of parents is present during this times. It also offer useful entertainment options applicable for both adults and teens, you can also store, share, and delete photos and videos conveniently. Most especially cell phones have become a powerful learning tool especially now that we are experiencing this pandemic, lots of student uses this as a new medium of for their virtual learnings.
Having all the advancements a cellular phone has brought us, it also has lots of disadvantage that affected the people in the society in different ways. It has become one of the leading causes of many vehicular accidents that happens each year. The fast access on the internet can lead to student cheating instead of reviewing and studying their notes, especially now that we are having the virtual learning as the new learning mode. Cell phones promote higher levels of e-waste in our trash and recycling systems, and its batteries can overheat which may result to explosion. Sexual exploitation becomes a real threat with cell phones and it increases the risk in cyberbullying, everyone can post and edit whatever they want now, not minding the people who might be affected of the work they done. People of all ages has become addicted to it, creating distractions engaging themselves more time on browsing and using it than offering the free time they have for family bonding and for any other productive works.
Drowning Problems : Develop a Device to Save Lives from It.
Throughout the 20th century, drowning is the 3rd leading cause of unintentional injury death worldwide, accounting for 7% of all injury-related deaths. (WHO, 2015). In 2016, an estimated 320, 000 people died from drowning, making drowning a major public health problem worldwide and in 2015, injuries accounted for over 9% of total global mortality.
In South East Asia, drowning is a significant issue. As the World Health Organization (WHO) reports the number of drowning deaths each year, it is estimated that more than half of these occur in South-East and the Western Pacific Region. It is a staggering number, yet this global problem isn‘t receiving the serious attention it needs.
In many parts of Asia, drowning is now a leading killer of children over the age of 1. In Bangladesh, 40 children drown every day. Over 90% of drowning happens in Africa and Asia. Some of these happen in low and middle-income countries, some of them lacking basic water safety education and services. In the Philippines, from year 2006 up to 2013, 3,276 people die each year because of drowning and submersion. It is the second-leading cause death among children aged 14 years and below according to Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). This is also supported by the study conducted by Safe Kids Philippines, the Philippines Life Saving Society and the Department of Health, that there are almost 2,000 children die yearly from drowning.
In response, multiple devices were developed to save human lives from drowning. In 1854, RNLI Inspector, Captain Ward, did this with the invention of the cork lifejacket – the first lifejacket ever to be issued to lifeboat crew member, also during the 18th century, traditional rings invented. However, Traditional rings are cumbersome and heavy, difficult to throw any distance and are much harder to throw accurately. Flotation pillows have no lines attached to them, leaving the victim bobbing in the water.
However, there are many actions to prevent drowning. Installing barriers (e.g. covering wells, using doorway barriers and playpens, fencing swimming pools etc.) to control access to water hazards, or removing water hazards entirely greatly reduces water hazard exposure and risk.
But, accident may occur anytime and to anyone, and those preventions are not enough to save human lives. That is why we, the researchers come up with the idea of developing a 21st century life-saver device throughout a mimic those strategies found in nature to solve human challenges. We come up to the idea of Biomimicry which offers an empathetic, interconnected understanding of how life works and ultimately where we fit in. The researchers aim to create products, processes, and policies that will save human lives. In which could solve our greatest design challenges sustainably and in solidarity with all life on Earth. The researchers have chosen subject the idea of the pufferfish, adapting it to become a life saving device would be useful. The pufferfish, also known as blown fish or toadfish, is a unique species of fish popular for its inflatable body and sharp poisonous spikes as a defense mechanism. Unlike common fish with scales, puffer fish have thick and rough skin. Other species have spines on their skin.
Its stomach area is the most elastic part of the body. Pufferfish use their highly elastic stomachs and the ability to quickly ingest huge amounts of water (and even air when necessary) to turn themselves into a virtually inedible ball several times their normal size. When face in danger or provoked, the pufferfish fills up with water like a balloon, hence its nickname of balloon fish. It then attacks predators or its own prey with its poisonous spines. As we today, used this idea to create a life saver device to prevent people from drowning. That when people tend to drown the device provokes, and this would puff up and will automatically activate its smart function.
Pufferfish is the second most poisonous vertebrate in the world, trailing only the Golden Poison Frog, would it be possible and feasible to create a life saver device from one of the poisonous vertebrate? With this, we have found a golden opportunity to focus on developmental solution particularly a life saving device specifically from the nature functions of pufferfish- its ability to protect itself from danger. Seeing how problematic the drowning is, we decided to address the issue by developing a device that creates variance among other life-saving gears.
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How To Start An Online Agribusiness ?
Agribusiness and investment in agriculture are the best weapons against hunger and poverty and they have made life better for billions of people (Bill and Melinda Gates). The Agribusiness Sector plays a vital role in the overall economic growth of the country. It provides research and development for the farmers to improve their productivity of high value crops through proper training with more advanced technologies in farming. It strengthens the supply chain from the farmers who produce raw materials into the manufacturing companies. However, due to the Coronavirus Disease (CoviD-19) outbreak which started to spread in the Philippines last 30 January 2020, farmers had difficulties in selling perishable goods since Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ) was implemented in Luzon which had a big impact on the supply chain. Walking around the streets were strictly prohibited and we were afraid to go out of the house to buy our basic necessities because it is too dangerous thinking that we might get infected by the virus. Business operations were also temporarily closed such as shopping malls, restaurants and hotels. In order to address the problem, the Department of Agriculture (DA) created an online marketplace, KAtuwang sa DIwa at gaWA (e-KADIWA) that can be accessed throughhttps://www.ekadiwa.da.gov.ph.The consumers can choose from different varieties of fresh goods and can be delivered directly to their homes. The DA was able to expand e-KADIWA program with different private sector partners such as Zagana.com, Grab, LiveGreen, AgriNurture Inc. (ANI) Express, CLICKNSHOP Sari-Sari Store, benjabi, cultigen and many more.
The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Zagana.com, Mr. Joshua Aragon explained completely how to start an online agribusiness in Kadiwa AgriBiz Webinar which can be streamed via facebook only. Zagana.com is also an online platform that focuses on the idea of farm to kitchen. He and his team were able to deliver fresh products to the customers within 30 minutes around Manila through a partnership with GrabMart and e-Kadiwa. To ensure food safety and be able to gain trust from the customers, they require the farmers to have business permits from the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) or the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Empowering the farmers is one of their objectives by educating farmers with proper training and seminar about land preparation until harvesting using modernized technologies to improve the quality of products they produce. Transparency regarding the prices is disseminated appropriately to inform the farmers how much percentage was added and to practice the aspect of fair trade. And because of this, they were able to build strong relationship with farmers and increase more networks to expand their online business to different regions of the country.
Nowadays, farmers receive little recognition and being degraded by other people. But being a farmer is actually a decent profession.There's really a hidden wealth in agriculture that encourages us to discover it out with ourselves by starting to plant now. On my free time, I help my mother to plant corn, okra, mungbean and other fast growing crops for our own consumption only and we share it with our relatives. I took this rare opportunity to apply my learnings from my course subjects while I am at home and has flexible time, which give me tranquility when I feel exhausted already doing my school works.
And when I graduate, I am planning to do business related to agriculture . For now, I am focusing on my studies because I know that engaging into business will not be easy. It needs a lot of patience before the money invested will return just like. It requires money and knowledge. It requires close monitoring of how cash flow in the business society. The resources should be allocated effectively and efficiently to avoid problems to arise. Although problems can not be prevented, it must be fully understood to come up with a step-by-step process on how to solve it so that the money and effort invested will not be wasted completely. Therefore, having proper knowledge is the key for an Agribiz to success with the business.
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Five Major Categories Of Material Handling Equipment
There are five major categories of material handling equipments which incorporates a wide range of manual, semi-automated, and automated equipment and systems that support logistics and make the supply chain work.
**CONVEYORS**
It utilizes a flexible plastic link chain that will turn tight corners, incline, decline, and allow for product accumulation. They are perfect for manufacturing environments.
Easy to maintain with quick belt changes.
Both packaged and loose products can be transported to preferred locations by using it. It guarantees safe and effective conveyance of delicate products.
It produces utilizing stainless steel components that can withstand regular wipe downs and high-pressure wash downs.
Ideal for applications demanding high speed elevation of products in bulk quantities.
Act as a buffer zone between two conveyors or machines. It ensures gentle, safe, and non-contact product accumulation better than other products available in the market.
**INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS**
Small forklifts designed for expedience. Using stand up forklifts, operators can perform quick and frequent indoor loading and unloading tasks.
Feature a wider base than a typical forklift. Designed to operate in heavy duty settings and lift large loads higher than normal forklifts.
Specifically designed to move in small spaces.
**CRANES AND HOISTS**
Used for lifting or lowering material. An electric motor and controller are utilized to lift, lower and accelerate or decelerate the speed of the hoist.
Designed specially to suit critical industrial processes across various sectors.
Usually have the particularity, what distinguishes them from all others to have a boom telescopic, that carries more than one cylinder.
**CONTAINERS**
The most commonly used shipping containers for shipping of dry materials and come in size of 20ft, 40 ft and 10ft.
A portable, horizontal, rigid, composite platform used as a base for assembling, storing, stacking, handling, and transporting goods as a unit load, often equipped with a superstructure.
A human-powered cart with one wheel to assist in carrying all kinds of burdens, from harvested crops to mine tailings, and pottery to building materials.
**ROBOTS**
Designed to maximize space, operating with high accuracy and ease. It works similarly to claw machines at arcades and usually need a large area to operate.
A mechanized system for automatically loading goods onto a pallet for shipping.
Features a rotating shaft and extendable arm that moves in a vertical, sliding motion. It has a cylindrical work envelope that makes it useful in tight spaces.
THE USE OF GRAVITY IN MATERIAL HANDLING RESULTS TO CONSERVATION OF POWER AND FUEL.
Gravity is the univeral force of attraction acting between all matter. It is being utilized in material handling processes that result in the conservation of power and fuel by reducing, combining, shortenind and/or eliminating uneccessary movement that will impede productivity to assist material movement and employing straight-line movement as much as possible. It is very essential to control the movement of materials and products throughout manufacturing, warehousing, distribution, consumption, and disposal. As a process, material handling incorporates a wide range of manual, semi-automated, and automated equipment and systems that support logistics and make the supply chain work.
THE IMPORTANCE OF PLANT LAYOUT IN RELATION TO MATERIAL HANDLING
Plant layout is an important component of the business’ overall operations to ensure a smooth flow of work, material, and information through a system. It can be greatly affected by the material handling technique to be used. There is a criteria to be followed such as arrangement of production equipment, the proper location of different departments, a logical sequence of operation within the department and convenient location of store areas, tool cribs and similar activity centres is required for a good material handling arrangement. In all types of plant layout provisions for the receiving and shipping of materials by various possible means (like trucks or train etc.) should be made. If it is required to move the materials by hand operated or power operated trucks, sufficient passage should be provided. If the building is multi storied, lift, elevators and conveyors of different types must be utilized to enable efficient material handling. The location of items in the storage room should provide for minimum handling of materials to the point of issue, accessibility and efficient space utilization.
SAMPLE MATERIAL HANDLING MEASURES (STORAGE AND MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS) USED IN AN ENTERPRISE.
McDonald’s having 37,000 restaurants around the world needs to guarantee that everything– from food and drink to packaging and toys – is delivered to the right place at the right time, with minimal environmental impact. McDonald’s logistics network transports the food products more than 250 million miles every year. As well as ensuring thousands of products arrive at McDonald’s restaurants each day safely and in the best condition, their logistics providers are working to minimize the environmental footprint of distribution activities by reducing the distances of products travel, moving toward alternative fuels and making product journeys as efficient as possible.
In order to achieve a world-class logistics operations with the lowest possible environmental footprint, McDonald’s focuses on increasing the use of alternative fuels with lower emissions and using fewer miles and less fuel through continuous routing improvements, innovations like engine-less cooling and air deflectors, and ongoing trucker training. By these, it will be a great help in reducing greenhouse gas emission.
Raw materials, work-in-progress and finished products are handled on a First In, First Out (FIFO) basis. This means raw materials are used in the order they are received. Therefore, stock is always fresh because products are sold in the order they are made. If the process First In, Last Out (FILO) was used, then the finished product would be dry and unappealing because the first one prepared is the last one sold.
REFERENCES
According to Flexible Conveyor Systems Inc. (2003). Types of Conveyers. Retrieved from: http://www.flexibleconveyorsystems.com/ConveyorTypes.html
Martz, S. (2015). 6 Types of Industrial Conveyors. Retrieved from: http://www.airdraulicengineering.com/blog/6-types-of-industrial-conveyors/
According Forklift Manufacturers. (2020). Forklift Trucks. Retrieved from: https://www.fork-lift-trucks.net/
Aparejos, G (2020). Crane and Machinery. Retrieved from: https://www.gruasyaparejos.com/en/hoist/types-of-hoist/
According to Kamps Pallets Inc. (2020). Difference between a Skid and a Pallet | Material Handling. Retrieved from: https://www.kampspallets.com/difference-pallet-skid/
According to Yaskawa America, Inc. (2020). Industrial Palletizing Robots. Retrieved from: https://www.motoman.com/en-us/applications/palletizing
Chand, S. (2020). Relation between Plant Layout and Material Handling. Retrieved from: https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/ergonomics/material-handling/relation-between-plant-layout-and-material-handling/34671
According to McDonald’s Company. (2019). Transporting Our Food | McDonald's. Retrieved from: https://corporate.mcdonalds.com/corpmcd/scale-for-good/our-planet/transporting-our-food.html
@CLANDESTINE0819
A Shift from Industrial Revolution to the Arts and Crafts Movement (Essay)
Can you make something unique out of nothing? Something natural without the help of the mechanizations in the industrialized world? Are you willing to live in a simpler life producing useful things without adding to the issues our environment is facing today? Well “If you want a golden rule that will fit everything, this is it: Have nothing in your houses that you do not know to be useful or believe to be beautiful” (William Morris).
Arts and Craft movement began in Britain in the second half of the nineteenth century, this social and artistic movement which was inspired by the writings of John Ruskin and William Morris aims to bring about social reform against the mass production of products during the industrial era. During this time William Morris, a designer, poet, and novelist, John Ruskin, a writer and art expert, and some artists, architects, designers and craftsmen has criticized the low quality work produced by the mechanized production, they sought to reassert the importance of craftsmanship in all arts in the face of increasing industrialization to return to a more fulfilling and simpler way of living. When the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the late seventeenth century and early eighteenth century which spread quickly throughout the world that made agricultural societies became more industrialized and urban, a lot of negative effects arises causing humanities to do social reform against it. The idea of productivity came into its own in the Industrial Revolution, expanding the economies nationwide and has elevated many people's standard of living. And while making nations more productive than ever before, providing more and cheaper production of goods enabling it on a scale that was unprecedented in human history, it also created appalling working conditions for people just in terms of time spent on the job and expectations of productivity making people to work longer hours, which is not really good. Contrary to the advantages of Industrial revolution, its existence results to the fast growing of businesses, and much of this growth was unregulated, making the working conditions very poor, leading people to work in an unsafe and in unhealthy environments, hours long with low payment. From an environmental perspective, the industrial revolution has contributed the increase in pollution, while cities developed, the growing number of charcoal fueled factories hissed heavy smoke in the air, deteriorating the atmosphere, with a direct line in today’s era, it ushered greenhouse gas pollution and climate change. Also, a lot of rural and agriculture-driven evolved into urban nations, rural communities seemed then outdated. These negative impacts made several people, including artists and architects, choses to escape busy cities to move to the countryside and practices the arts and crafts wanting to live a way peaceful life.
Life before, during the medieval times, spirit and quality of craftsmanship is already present. When the industrial revolution made its way in the society, the demand for more responsive and intelligent equipment arises forcing the workforce in the industry to required high skilled workers which means it needs workers with degree and with specialized talents to meet the consumers demand. People in this time became dependent on creating tools that will make the manipulation of human life environment easy and let every individual have a comfortable life to live with through mechanization. Yet, not all the advances of this revolution were favorable to the society. Vocal minority which was profoundly disturbed by the industrialization choses to shift in the arts and craftsmanship which only requires a natural talent and skill that produces useful and decorative objects made completely just by a hand or by simple tools.
The emergence of Arts and crafts has taught the society to be creative out of the indigenous materials and the things you won’t think that is still valuable. It has brought wonderful power of creation that everyone can, regardless with the issues tackling about the affordability, worrying you can’t afford to buy the high standard equipment just to make it happen. This creation has improve everybody’s credibility, skills and talents in producing quality products without contributing to societal issues about pollution and the worsening climate change which Industrialization has given a great impact. Imagine if we haven’t taste the life of industrialization and we stayed doing the natural processes as what people used to do in the past, will life be as complicated as what we have now?
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The Distinct Differences Among The Four Ages In Information Technology
There are distinct differences among the four ages in information technology. These four ages of technology are the Pre-mechanical, Mechanical, Electromechanical, and Electronic.
**PRE-MECHANICAL**
The premechanical age is the earliest age of information technology. It can be defined as the time between 3000B.C. and 1450A.D. We are talking about a very long time ago,wherein when humans first started communicating they had try to use language or simple picture drawings known as petroglyths which were usually carved in rocka. It is when the early alphabets were developed such as the Phoenician alphabet.
As alphabets became more popluar and more people were writing information, pens and paper began to be developed. It started off as just marks in wet clay, then later on, the paper was created out of papyrus plant. The most popular kind of paper made was probably by the Chinese who made paper from rags.
Now that people were writing a lot of information, they needed ways to keep it all in permanent storage. This is when the first books and libraries are developed. You’ve probably heard of Egyptian scrolls which were popular ways of writing down information to be saved. Some groups of people in this time were actually binding paper together into a book-like form.
Also during this period is when the first numbering systems was introduced . It was around 100A.D. when the first 1-9 system was created by people from India. However, it wasn’t until 875A.D. (775 years later) that the number 0 was invented. And yes now that numbers were created, people wanted stuff to do with them so they created calculators. A calculator was the very first sign of an information processor. The popular model of that time was the abacus.
**MECHANICAL**
The mechanical age is when we first start to see connections between our current technology and its ancestors. The mechanical age can be defined as the time between 1450 and 1840. A lot of new technologies are developed in this era as there is a large explosion in interest with this area. Technologies like the slide rule (an analog computer used for multiplying and dividing) were invented. Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline which was a very popular mechanical computer. Charles Babbage developed the difference engine which tabulated polynomial equations using the method of finite differences.
There were lots of different machines created during this era, though in this time they have not yet gotten a machine that can do more than the typical modern-day calculators. Also, if you look at the size of the machines invented in this time compared to the power behind them, of these inventions were HUGE.
**ELECTROMECHANICAL**
Now we are finally getting close to some technologies that resemble our modern-day technology. The electromechanical age can be defined as the time between 1840 and 1940. This is the time where beginnings of telecommunication occurred . The telegraph was created in the early 1800s. Morse code was created by Samuel Morse in 1835. The telephone (one of the most popular forms of communication ever) was created by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. The first radio developed by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894. All of these were extremely crucial emerging technologies that led to big advances in the information technology field.
The first large-scale automatic digital computer in the United States was the Mark 1 created by Harvard University around 1940. This computer was 8ft high, 50ft long, 2ft wide, and weighed 5 tons - HUGE. It was programmed using punch cards. How does your PC match up to this hunk of metal? It was from huge machines like this that people began to look at downsizing all the parts to first make them usable by businesses and eventually in their own home.
**ELECTRONIC**
The electronic age is the time we're we currently live in. It can be defined as the time between 1940 and right now. The ENIAC was the first high-speed, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. This computer was designed to be used by the U.S. Army for artillery firing tables. This machine was even bigger than the Mark 1 taking up 680 square feet and weighing 30 tons - HUGE. It mainly used vacuum tubes to do its calculations.
There are 4 main sections of digital computing. The first was the era of vacuum tubes and punch cards like the ENIAC and Mark 1. Rotating magnetic drums were used for internal storage. The second generation replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, punch cards were replaced with magnetic tape, and rotating magnetic drums were replaced by magnetic cores for internal storage. Also during this time high-level programming languages were created such as FORTRAN and COBOL. The third generation replaced transistors with integrated circuits, magnetic tape was used throughout all computers, and magnetic core turned into metal oxide semiconductors. An actual operating system showed up around this time along with the advanced programming language BASIC. The fourth and latest generation brought in CPUs (central processing units) which contained memory, logic, and control circuits all on a single chip. The personal computer was developed (Apple II). The graphical user interface (GUI) was also developed.
**HOW ICT PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN**
**INNOVATION**
ICT is one of the economic development pillars to gain national competitive advantage. It can improve the quality of human life because it can be used as a learning and education media, another is that the mass communication media is a big help in promoting and campaigning practical and important issues, such as the health and social area.
ICT sector plays an important role, notably by contributing to rapid technological progress and productivity growth. Firms use ICTs to organize transnational networks in response to international competition and the increasing need for strategic interaction. As a result, multinational firms are a primary vehicle of the ever spreading process of globalization. New technologies and their implementation in productive activities are changing the economic structure and contributing to productivity increases in OECD economies. Economic competitiveness depends on productivity level and in the knowledge economy, ICT sectors determine the productivity level. As a result, we can say that the power of economic competitiveness of a country depends on the productivity of its ICT sector.
Feel free to share your thoughts at the comment section below.
@CLANDESTINE0819
How Sunlight Affects the Plant Growth of Mungbean for Six Consecutive Days
This is "An Experiment Conducted to Test How Sunlight Affects the Plant Growth of Mungbean for Six Consecutive Days".
**Introduction**
The sun plays a vital role in our everyday life, for it provides us nutrients and boost our energy. To plants, sunlight is essential for the process of photosynthesis to occur. Since plants are considered as autotrophs or primary producers, they can produce their own food through the chemical process called photosynthesis. In photosynthesis, plants use the energy it absorb from the sun to break down water molecules and carbon dioxide and make sugar called glucose and produce oxygen.
**Objectives**
1. Observe how sunlight can affect the plant growth and development of mungbean
2. Distinguish the different results of mungbean being exposed to sunlight and the other being excluded.
**Results**
The result shows that there is a big difference with the length and color of mungbean.The measurement of mungbean leaf from can A is 1.2cm x 0.7cm and has green-colored leaves while in can B, 0.15cm x 0.5cm and has yellowish-colored leaves. The measurement of mungbean stem from can A is 4.5cm x 0.1cm while in can B, 7.2cm x 0.1cm. The color of mungbean stem from can A is reddish at the bottom and green at the middle up to top while in can A were transparent white.
**Discussion**
Vigna radiate also known as mungbean was originated in India which is cultivated for it is edible and is consumed as sprouts or dry beans. Mungbeans are warm-season, deep-rooted plants whose specific hardiness and day-length requirements varies by cultivar (Ryczkowski, 2018). Its agronomic characteristics consist of an upright and vine types of growth habit occur in it, with plants varying from one to five feet in length. It is slightly hairy with a well-developed root system. Wild types tend to be prostrate while cultivated types are more erect. The stems are many-branched, sometimes twining at the tips. The leaves are alternate, trifoliolate with elliptical to ovate leaflets, 5-18 cm long x 3-15 cm broad. The flowers (4-30) are papillonaceous, pale yellow or greenish in colour. The pods are long, cylindrical, hairy and pending. They contain 7 to 20 small, ellipsoid or cube-shaped seeds. The seeds are variable in colour: they are usually green, but can also be yellow, olive, brown, purplish brown or black, mottled and/or ridged. Seed colours and presence or absence of a rough layer are used to distinguish different types of mungbean (Heuzé V et al., 2015; Lebas F., 2015). Mungbean performs best in fertile, well-drained sandy loam soil with a pH between 6.2 and 7.2. It requires 1 to 2 inches deep in moist soil, one seed every 3 inches in rows 18 to 24 inches apart provides an adequate yield. The ideal prinkling water over the sprouts every four to six hours for the first four days, then increasing intervals between watering to eight hours (Ryczkowski, 2018).
Since mungbean requires a warm temperature for it to grow healthy, it was perfect for this experiment. It was easy to observe how sunlight can affect the plants and distinguish the different results of mungbean being exposed to sunlight and the other being excluded.
The experiment started last September 9, 2020. There were two cans with holes at the bottom that were labeled as can A and can B. Each can was planted with ten mungbean seeds and watered in the morning and afternoon. It was placed with the same environment where it can absorb enough sunlight for three consecutive days.
On the third day, the seeds started to germinate. Can B was isolated, place inside a box. It was sealed with a tape and made sure that it has no holes.
On the fifth day, the difference in size and color of mungbeans can be observed. The mungbeans from can A on the left began to bloom and developed green leaves. While mungbeans from can B on the right has an abnormal length of stem and the leaves were yellow in color. On the sixth day, the results were shown in figure 1 wherein the mungbeans that were exposed to sun developed larger leaves while the munbeans that was placed inside a box did not develop and grew taller.
**Conclusion**
The results of the experiment shows that the importance of sunlight to plants can be fully understand through the growing process. The germination occurred in both sets of mungbeans wherein this process started when the seeds were provided with soil and constant water supply. Since can B was placed inside a box, it cannot absorb enough sunlight, the process of photosynthesis slows down and tried to reach for the sunlight by stretching their stems. The etiolation process can be observed through the growing process of mungbeans in can B which it is the weakening stage of a plant and grows spindly and lose strength.
Therefore the importance of sunlight to plants was fully understand in this experiment. If plants gets inadequate supply of sunlight it would probably lose its color and die. The lack of sunlight stops the photosynthesis process, thus it was not able to produce chlorophyll needed by plants to create green color of leaves. That is the reason why the leaves of mungbeans from can B is yellow. And therefore, the objectives of this experiment was definitely achieved.
References
Ryczkowsk, A. (2018). The Best Conditions for Mung Bean Growth. Retrieved from: https://homeguides.sfgate.com/conditions-mung-bean-growth-28008.html
Heuzé, V., Tran, G., Bastianelli, D., Lebas, F. (2015). Mung bean (Vigna radiata). Retrieved from: https://www.feedipedia.org/node/235
Vidyasagar, A. (2018). What is Photosynthesis? Retrieved from: https://www.livescience.com/51720-photosynthesis.html
Allman, M. (2020). When Plants Don’t Get Enough Light, Why Do They Grow Tall and Spindly? Retrieved from: https://homeguides.sfgate.com/plants-dont-enough-light-grow-tall-spindly-71340.html
Hi there, feel free to share your thought in the comment section below. Thank you.
@CLANDESTINE0819
Pest of Crop Plants and Their Natural Enemies
**I. Introduction:**
Insects and some vertebrates are labeled pests when these conflict with human interest or affect their welfare. The term pest is defined purely from anthropocentric viewpoint and really has no particular biological or ecological meaning. Damage by chewing pests are characterized by portions of crop plants eaten out as holes or mines in leaves, flowers, stems or fruits. Feeding damage by sucking insects and mites are indicated by spotted discoloration of plant parts. Sucking insects may also serve as vectors of some plant pathogens.
Pest species consume crop plants and they in turn are attacked by other organisms specifically parasitoids, predators or pathogens. These beneficial organisms that consume or kill pests of crop plants are generally referred to us as natural enemies.
**II. Objectives:**
1. To observe the feeding behavior and corresponding damage to crops of live insects with chewing and piercing - sucking type of mouthparts.
2. To familiarize with the common invertebrate and vertebrate pest species and their corresponding damage to major crops.
3. To observe feeding behavior of live predators.
4. To familiarize with the pest’s natural enemies.
**III. Hypothesis**
The feeding behavior of pests such as grasshopper, cotton stainer, mantids, and coccinellid beetle can become a serious problem to farmers.
**IV. Discussion**
The mouthparts of sucking insects are developed for piercing and sucking These pests damage plants by inserting their mouthparts into plant tissue and removing juices. Heavily infested plants become yellow, wilted, deformed or stunted and may eventually die.
Grasshoppers are considered as herbivores, which they prefer to eat green plants. Their heads are oriented downward that is perfectly positioned for the mouth to reach the leaves, stems, and flowers easily. Its chewing mouthparts called mandibles, move side to side with sharp, scissor-like edges and flatter surfaces for grinding their food. Other mouthparts called maxilliary palp or maxilla, act like spoons and forks to help handle the food. When there is scarcity with the food they eat, they become serious pests by migrating to other areas like farms and gardens.
Cotton stainers are currently noteworthy because of their presence on and occasional damage to fruits and ornamentals, particularly malvaceous plants such as Hibiscus spp. The feeding activities of cotton stainers on cotton produce a stain on the lint which reduces its value. The stain primarily is a result of the bug puncturing the seeds in the developing bolls causing a juice to exude that leaves an indelible stain. Feeding by puncturing flower buds or young cotton bolls usually causes a reduction in size, or the fruiting body may abort and drop to the ground.
Mantids are very efficient and deadly predators that capture and eat a wide variety of insects and other small prey. They have a "neck" that allows the head to rotate 180 degrees while waiting for a meal to wander by. Camouflage coloration allows mantids to blend in with the background as they sit on twigs and stems waiting to ambush prey. The two front legs of the mantids are highly specialized. When hunting, mantids assume a "praying" position, folding the legs under their head. They use the front legs to strike out and capture their prey. Long sharp spines on the upper insides of these legs allow them to hold to on their prey. The impaled prey is held firmly in place while being eaten. The spines fit into a groove on the lower parts of the leg when not in use .
Most beetles are herbivores, eating only plants. This includes roots, stems, leaves, seeds, nectar, fruits or even the wood of the plant itself. Prey includes fly maggots, earthworms, snails, grubs, slugs and even other species of beetles. Their mouthparts are used for penetration and feeding, and for boring holes for egg-laying.
**V. Conclusion**
In this research activity, it made me use my analytical skills and helped me widen my knowledge about the harmful effects of pests, particularly grasshopper, cotton stainer, mantids and coccinellid beetle. It can damage crop plants in which farmers can experience a total loss of crop yields. It should be be properly managed and controlled to maintain growing plants healthy.
**References**
Godawa, J. (2018). What Do Grasshoppers Eat? Retrieved from
https://sciencing.com/do-grasshoppers-eat-5655099.html
Mead F.W. (2017). Featured Creatures. Retrived from
http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/field/bugs/cotton_stainer.html
Watkins, G. (2019). Praying Mantids. Retrieved from https://entomology.ca.uky.edu/ef418
According to he Terminix (2020). What Do Beetles Eat? Retrieved from
https://www.terminix.com/blog/education/what-do-beetles-eat/
@CLANDESTINE0819
Dragon Fruit: A story about what we did, just to taste it.
Dragon fruit or the strawberry pear is popular among foodies and the health-concious people because of its unique look and acclaimed superfood powers. It is a tropical fruit which is known for its seed-speckled pulp, sweet and vibrant skin.
**Benefits of Dragon Fruit**
Dragon fruit is loaded with fiber, high in nutrients with essential vitamins and minerals which contains Calories, Protein, Fat, Carbohydrates, Iron, Magnesium, Vitamin C, and Vitamin E. It may help fight chronic disease, promotes a healthy gut, boost low iron level and is a good source of magnesium. It also strengthens a person's Immune System.
**The story about what we did, just to finally tasted a Dragon Fruit.**
In my 21st years of existence, I haven't any idea that a fruit like this exists in the world, same as my friend who happened to be my roommate. We are staying in a dormitory and we are not allowed to go out on the school premises because of the pandemic we have now, not unless it was the last day of a week which is alloted for the buying of our groceries.
One day when we were heading back in the dormitory , we notice that the plant which looks like a cactus located in the front yard of the dorm bear a fruit which we actually don't know what kind of fruit is. We got curioused and by the help of some utility in the campus, we found out that the fruit is the so called dragon fruit.
Time passes by and we wated for it to riped. We even doubted at first if it is really edible, but later on we were so ecstatic to taste and see its inside. And so we counted for 28 days for it to be riped, that was the number of days it'll be riped according to the person we've asked.
To our dismay, on the day that we are ready to pick it and finally have a taste of it, it was gone, gone were the fruit we've been waiting to have. I guess it was our dorm mates in the second floor or some of the personel inside the campus who happened to notice it too. We were so sad knowing that our so long awaited time to taste it was falsified.
So what we did is that, when it produced a fruit again, they told me to put a marked on a paper tape around it that says, "CAUTION: UNDER RESEARCH (HAS CHEMICALS)". And there was me, being so adamant to experience how it taste, I did it, and they were my back up and look up at that night.
Then we waited again for how many days for it to be fully riped without worrying it might be gone again in just a snap. This is how curiosity makes a person do everything to satisfy the unanswered thoughts. *Life hacks, haha.*
After 3 days, there comes our dorm mate in the second floor asking my friend with curiosity about the fruit having a caution note saying "oh I never thought that that dragon fruit is being studied by some person inside the campus" , and here comes my friend who's also one of the culprit of the said marking of the fruit, just shrugged her shoulder and answered "oh really, I don't know, maybe". Great isn't it haha.
Finally after how many days of waiting, the right time has come, with a big smile plastered on our lips we excitedly run to its direction and picked it giggling (now we know that this is what we gonna do to preserve the fuirt we wanted to have in the campus lol haha). It was such a surprise that the taped with the caution wrapped around it was still intact, and it was perfectly fine, untouched.
When we finally get to put it inside our room, I carefully sliced it using the knife, excitedly. Then boom, after all the efforts, we finally taste it. It actually tasted like a guava, somehow like a watermelon and an apple, well that's how I tasted it. And there ends our story. It's a secret, no one knows but me and my friends, and you who is busy reading this.
Hope this article give you some thought on some possible way to make things happen, lol haha.
@CLANDESTINE0819
Controversies During Intellectual Revolution
During the intellectual revolution, there are 3 controversies that arises, mainly the Geocentrism of Ptolemy, the Heliocentrism of Copernicus, and the Darwinism by Charles Darwin.
****GEOCENTRISM****
Ptolemy’s geocentric system, is the belief that the Earth is fixed at the center of the Universe.
Before the 16th century took place, most people believed in the theory of geocentrism, believing that the earth is round, and geocentrists claims that from the earth’s view it looks like the Sun and stars are moving across the sky.
****HELIOCENTRISM****
Heliocentric theory of Copernicus, is the astronomical model presenting the Sun as the center of the Universe, making the Earth and planets revolve around it.
Heliocentrism contrary to geocentrism that placed the Earth as the center of the universe, it claims that the sun is the center of the universe.
****DARWINISM****
Darwinism by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and the others, is a theory of developed biological evolution stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.
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Intellectual Revolutions that Occurred in CHINA, INDIA AND AFRICA
Asia, being the biggest continent in the world is the host of many cultural, economic, scientific, and political activities of all ages and is considered as the home of many ancient civilization. Some countries of this continent has intellectual revolutions that provided significant basis in the advancement of the modern science, the scientific thinking and our understanding on how society is transformed by science and technology that we benefit nowadays.
**INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION IN CHINA**
-China is well known for acupuncture,
which is their traditional medicine.
-They are famous for their knowledge
in astronomy and for creating the
lunar calendar.
-They are the one who discovered
compass, papermaking, gunpowder,
and printing tools.
**INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS IN INDIA**
-India is famous in Ayurveda, known
as their traditional medicine.
(Susruta Samhita)
-Also known for manufacturing iron
and in metallurgical works
-Spherical self-supporting earth
-Year of 360 days with 12 equal
parts of 30 days each
-Siddhanta Shiromani is the major treatise of indian mathematician Bhaskara II, The work is composed in Sanskrit Language in 1450 verses, the interest in astronomy was evident in this book.
-Indus Valley Civilization has also tried to standardize measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy and a designed ruler. (Mohenjodaro Ruler)
**Aryabhata**
Is one of the first major Mathematician, he is an astronomer from the classical age of Indian Mathematics and Indian Astronomy, a great astronomer of the classical world that had enormous influence not only in Asia but the in the whole world. He introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables and techniques as well as algorithms of algebra. He is also the one who place the value system, the approximation of and the trigonometry including the defining the cosine, versine, and inverse sine. He scientifically explained the Solar and Lunar Eclipsed and claim that the moon and the planet shine by the reflected sunlight.
**Brahmagupta – Brahmasphutasiddhanta**
Is another contributor of intellectual revolution who defined the properties of the number zero, both as placeholder and a decimal digit. He was the one who suggested that the gravity is a force of attraction.
**INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS IN AFRICA**
Aside from Asia, there are other places where intellectual revolutions took place which also provided significant basis in the advancement of the modern science, the scientific thinking and our understanding on how society is transformed by science and technology. Africa, being the world’s second largest continent after Asia, has contribution on the intellectual revolution as well.
-Development of geometry
-Center of Alchemy
-Studied human anatomy and pharmacology
-Astronomy
-Mathematics
**HOW REVOLUTION ADVANCE MODERN SCIENCE AND SCIENTIFIC THINKING AT THAT TIME**
Emphasizing systematic experimentation as the most valid research method, the scientific revolution, with its drastic change in scientific thought that took place at that time has transformed the views of society about nature and has helped the society practiced abstract reasoning, quantitative thought, understand how nature works and the view of nature as a machine, and understand the development of an experimental scientific method. With the developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry, the society obtain a wider scientific view and perspective on how the world works and how its development over the past years up until today has emerged.
**IMPORTANCE OF INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS IN UNDERSTANDING HOW SOCIETY IS TRANSFORMED BY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY**
Intellectual revolutions is necessary to achieve the needs of society, this continuous process as a basis of developments involves critical-thinking, evaluation, and creating appropriate rules for equal opportunity helps people change their worldview by discrediting old religious and classical presuppositions and shows how an increasingly complex system of natural rules and interactions governed the physical world. The intellectual revolutions creates new knowledge, utilization, and understanding about how the advancement of the modern science has transformed our society by the science and technology. This is also the basis which improves our scientific thinking in solving various problems that the society faces nowadays.
Reference link: https://www.slideshare.net/donnaruthtalo/lesson-2-intellectual-revolutions-that-defined-society
@CLANDESTINE0819
Anecdote: Reversed T-shirt and Disheveled Hair
Focusing my mind on what happen yesterday (January 09, 2018) makes me laugh my heart out. I keep on smiling whenever I remember it. And up until now its still lingering on my mind like a leech clung tightly and hard to abolish in my system. Want to laugh too? Come and read to acquaint my story.
The other night, I got to my dreamland late and that explains why I was awaken by the light coming out from my window. Yesterday when I got to my sanity, realizing that I have classes to attend and a quiz to take in my first subject ( 9:45-11:45), I began panicking then do my morning rituals as fast as a Bolt does, well, with the hand of the clock in my wristwatch signifying it's already 10:30 in the morning is way panicking. I arrived at school at exactly 10:59, and then entered our room without hesitation. With a heavy breathing I stop at the last row of seats and catch some air, sensing my presence at the back, all of their eyes, except from Madame's eyes, were glued on me, luckily one of my classmate was still delivering her report and our teacher's attention were focused on her that's why she didn't even notice that I entered the room. Anyway my classmates were already used to see me coming to school late so they didn't even bother asking me why I'm late, which is good to my part for our subject teacher won't notice me anymore, but of course I can't prevent someone out of all my classmate to comment, well she just whispered near my ear like "unong oras ning pagklase yan" (what time of schooling is that).
Of all the times I come to school late, this scenario is way different. I got to my designated sit quietly with a big smile plastered on my face, smiling and waving to my classmates which I always do. Then suddenly one of my close friend asked me if the tag she visibly see through my T-shirt's neckline is just a design, and also I observed another classmate of mine looking intently on my disheveled hair like telling I'm not in my right senses, well I never combed my hair for I'm in a hurry and I don't really care about what they say about my posture, anyway I came to school to learn not to pleased them. I actually just want to ignore what they said and just smile at them while still waiting for my breathing to calm, but again one of them called my attention agreeing on my first classmate and says "Amo ngani, arog ba talaga yan san na bado mo? Baga kaya baliktad "(yeah right, do that t-shirt of yours really look like that. It looks reversed), with that I hurriedly checked out my T-shirt's neckline and got my eyes wide dilated to realize I am wearing my shirt reversely, which reminds me of why I feel like choking all the way long, that made me say "ay ahu, baliktad palan ang bado ko kaya palan so lalaki kanina sa jeep na nasakayan ko nagparapitong sakon, tigparangiritan na gayud ako sadto" (ohh yeah, my shirt is reverse, maybe that's the reason why the boy on the jeep that I'm in a while ago keep on looking at me, maybe he's laughing at the back of his mind) , and I laugh my heart out together with my classmates which made our teacher faced us and ask what's the reason of our commotion. After knowing the reason she laugh with us too, when I was satisfied laughing at my own foolishness I immediately go to the nearest comfort room and fixed my shirt. I can't help but laugh all the way back to our room, they're still laughing and my teacher even make it as an example to our lesson after I explained what happened why I got to that situation.
I will never forget about it, it's an anecdote worth remembering and I thank God that that day happen, at least I experience being humiliated in the class because I got my shirt reverse and my hair disheveled looking like crazy. I don't really feel embarrassed of what happen, I will treasure it for it's my first time and it caused us happiness. Well I'm the easy go lucky type of person, a person who'll just go with the flow with what's going to happen. So whenever I done something silly I also laugh out with the crowd. I cant really get over with what happen so my day ends that day bringing up the topic of my foolishness again and again and I can't help but laugh. What a great first Tuesday class to start the New Year of the year 2018.
Hi guys, I just decided to post this article, this happened last January 09, 2018. This is an anecdote I really can't forget, it may seem so shallow but this was the first time it happened to me that's why it stuck in my mind and will forever be, I guess haha. Reading this made me remember what type of a student I was during my high school life haha.
@CLANDESTINE0819
LEMONGRASS (Cymbopogon) : Baseline Data
**Introduction**:
Modernization and improvement of technology in agriculture mechanization is an effective way in uplifting the productivity and quality of products to the livelihood of the people, most importantly to those who are engaged in agriculture.
Essential oil used as flavorings, perfumes and medicinal treatment is virtually competitive both in the local and foreign market. There are different ways in oil extraction processing and oil essential content determination processes, from the easiest and simplest traditional method to the newest and modernized one. Traditional method of the extraction of oil from plant is way time consuming and will require a high labor cost. With this, searching for the information and baseline data of the plant lemongrass will be conducted for the future references of the development of lemongrass essential oil. The outcome of this research work will help students on what research development or innovation related to this plant will they conduct later on.
**Objectives:**
This review aims to give the information and baseline data of the lemongrass for future references, which includes its related literatures and studies, industry situationer, processing technologies, processing information’s and standards , the existing technologies including the traditional one and the tools and equipment being used in the research developments of this crop.
**Related Literature**
Lemongrass is a tropical perennial plant, also known as citronella grass grows in tropical climates. Its stalks are fibrous and smell much like lemons which can reach anywhere between six to ten feet in height and grow in clusters, similar to spider plants. This stalk consists of a pink base, a few tough green husks, and a white core, which is used in cooking. The flavor of lemongrass is characterized by mild citrus notes. Lemongrass is one of approximately 55 other species of grasses in the Poaceae family of grasses. This plant constitute hundreds of organic compounds including organic Sulphur, terpenoids, benzenoids and nitrogenous compounds, which work at different levels. Lemongrass is in folk medicine as used as an antispasmodic, hypotensive, anticonvulsant, analgesic, antiemetic, antitussive, antirheumatic, antiseptic and treatment for nervous and gastrointestinal disorders and fevers. The plant is also used as fragrance, flavoring agent an antibacterial, antidiarrheal and antioxidant.
The use of lemon grass for cooking and herbal medicine dates back for at least five thousand years. Asian and African cultures was the root of the deep history of this plant, and it has been cultivated in Southeast Asia for the past two thousand years. Lemongrass, has been used traditionally for medicinal, cosmetic and culinary purposes in tropical regions such as Africa, Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, and Oceania where it is native.
Reports found shows that lemongrass essential oil might have been exported in the Philippine as early as the 17th century. However, the distribution was limited and the oil remained quite secretive at that time. Several years later, J.F. Jovit, a researcher from Sri Lanka found himself with several lemongrass plants or the “Kochin Sera” plants (Cymbopogon citrates) way back in 1905 and planted them at Bandarawela Farm in Sri Lanka for research purposes. Later on, the word of the plant spread quickly as he learned more about it and the oil it produces. For the attribution of the quick success of the oil in the world market, the closely related citronella oil was displayed at the World’s Fair at London’s Crystal Palace in 1951.
By 1947, the first commercial cultivation of lemongrass oil was held at Florida and Haiti. Lemongrass Essential Oil is extracted from the steam distillation of the fresh or partly dried Lemongrass leaves. The oil it produces ranges in color from yellow to amber and exudes a fresh, sweet, grassy and citrus-like aroma after the distillation. The pioneering research on its oil extraction was done at the National Institute of Science and Technology (now Industrial Technology Development Institute (ITDI) in the early 1980s (Coronel, 1984).
Lemongrass is one of the most popular essential oils used today, due to its effectiveness, health benefits, and a wide variety of applications. It is most commonly used to relieve digestive issues, reduce bodily aches, pains, and high temperatures, and eliminate harmful bacteria. The world’s largest quantity producer of lemongrass is from India. Lemongrass which yields aromatic oil or essential oils are highly concentrated secondary metabolites of diverse functions in plant system. Its name is derived from the typical lemony odour of the essential oil present in the shoot. Dried lemongrass leaves are widely used as a lemon flavor ingredient in herbal teas, prepared either by decoction or infusion. Lemongrass oil is used in most of the major categories of food including frozen dairy desserts, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, candy baked foods, gelatines and puddings, meat and meat products and fat and oils; it is usually used in culinary flavorings. Lemongrass has extensive medicinal value as anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-septic, anti-asthamatic, urinary tract infections, pesticide and preservative. The leaves are used in the treatment of cough, fever, depression, nervous disorder and skin irritations. Plant decoction is used popularly in digestive complaints, headache and to promote sweating. It is also used as carminative and insect repellent and is now used widely as cosmeceuticals in the preparation of perfumes and cosmetics.
Of the multiple varieties of lemongrass, the two most popular ones are Cymbopogon citratus and Cymbopogon flexuosus. The former is largely used for culinary purposes, whereas the latter is more popular for use in perfumes and essential oils, these two can be used to produce essential oils.
Lemongrass oil is simply the essential oil, it is naturally derived from the steam distillation of the fresh or partly dried Lemongrass leaves. To ensure that the lemongrass leaves will retain its green color and be free of fungi, it should be dried, but not over dried, as soon as possible within 24 hours either by conventional dryer or sun drying process. To avoid the oil to yield or compromised its quality, leaves may be stored in shade for up to 3 days after being harvested.
**Industry Situationer (Philippines)**
Lemongrass found its way in the Philippines during the pre-colonial times. The demand for Lemongrass in the Philippines currently is generally from the food industry. It is used all over the country in culinary preparations as flavorings, and slowly, the therapeutic benefits of it is being recognized now. The upland farms of Negros produces lemongrass essential oil wherein after being grown and harvested, it is extracted via distillation.
In Nagcarlan, Laguna, Philippines, the present study about the Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf aimed to obtain a detailed knowledge about its composition of hydro-distilled volatile oil. Several investigations about the lemongrass oil has been done in the Philippines, but chemical studies to define its chemical composition was not yet undertaken.
Mambugsay, Cauayan, Negros Occidental is another producer of lemongrass, it was funded by the Grant Assistance for Grassroots Human Security Projects (GGP) arm of Japan’s wider Official Development Assistance (ODA) program since 2013. A turnover ceremony led by the Embassy of Japan’s First Secretary Kenji Terada and Philippine officials was held last August 8, 2019 for the launching of Japan-funded distillery for lemongrass oil.
**Processing Technologies**
Currently, the most popular method for the extraction of the lemongrass essential oil is steam distillation. It is mainly used for temperature-sensitive materials like oils, resins, hydrocarbons, etc.
A number of ways of extraction such as extraction with liquid carbon dioxide, vacuum-tight distillation, and warm fermentation prior to distillation have been developed for special cases. The headspace technique, a process that was introduced in the '70s was found very useful in accounting for the greatest number of volatiles from plant materials. The sample volatiles are being trapped by a porous material and is brought into equilibrium with a gas phase over it in a closed vessel after which a certain volume of the gas phase is injected into a GC for qualitative and quantitative purposes. Piercing the oil sac of the plant and drawing the oil by means of a syringe-like glass capillary, and analyzing directly with GLC, is a method claimed to yield the genuine essential oil.
Essential oil was obtained from air-dried leaves by hydro-distillation for two hours. The oil obtained may be subjected to gas chromatography to fully determine its content, where a Shimadzu GC-14A model with a flame ionization detector and CBP-20 wall coated fused silica (12 m. x 0.25 mm. ID) may be used. Analysis was done by programming the oven temperature from 70-180 degrees centigrade at 4 degrees centigrade/min. for 15 mins. Injection port and detector temperatures were adjusted to 230 degrees centigrade. Components may be identified by a peak enrichment method using standards.
**Processing Information’s and Standards**
Lemongrass can be harvested as frequently as once every month through the growing season, it can be harvested 6-9 months after the slips are planted. To allow the evaporation of dew and to avoid loss of the plants color due to heat it should be harvested in the morning on a dry day. Sharp tools and machinery are use when harvested mechanically, to ensure a clean cut and to avid splitting the edges of the leaves. Lemongrass leaves must be dried as soon as possible within 24 hours to keep its green color and be free from fungi.
Sickles are a big help in the harvesting of the lemongrass, it should be cut 10cm above ground level. Allow it to wit for 24 hours before distillation as it reduces its moisture content by 30% and improves oil yield. Before filling in the stills, the lemon crop is chopped into small pieces. Then it can be distilled in distilleries. After the steam distillation of the fresh or partly dried leaves cone the lemongrass essential oil, its oil exudes fresh, sweet, grassy an citrus-like aroma and ranges its color from a yellow color to amber color which is collected by distillation unit of herbage for 1.5 to 2 hours. Floating over the bulk of water which is composed by decantation, this layer of oil separates from the distillation cooling. It takes about 4 hours for the complete recovery of the oil.
**Existing Technologies (Including the Traditional)**
The traditional methods of extracting the lemongrass oil are distillation, extraction and extraction with low-boiling solvents. Among these, distillation is the most commonly used method.
Today there are lots of oil extractor machineries available in the market worldwide by means of the modernization of technologies. Lemongrass oil extraction machineries and equipment vary from its quantity and quality capacitance all over the world. An example of this is the SUPERCRITICAL CO2 EXTRACTION EQUIPMENT which has the working mode being intermittent or continuous way to extract solvent from solid or liquid material wherein the liquid CO2 flow through pre-heater to heat after pump by CO2 high pressure pump, then flow to extractor, then the outlet temperature will be controlled automatic. Solvent extraction processing, microwave assisted hydro distillation and lemongrass oil extraction machineries are also available in the world market today.
**Tools and Equipment:**
Farm tools or agricultural equipment are the term used for any equipment, tool or machinery used in farm. Types of such equipment’s ranges from hand tools to power operated machinery. These are commonly used to till, transplant, seed, irrigate, spread chemicals, and transport, wherein different categories of these farm equipment varies depending on the intensity of work being carried out.
In the process of farmland preparation for the plantation, maintenance and harvesting of the lemongrass, the farm equipment and hand tools such as hand cultivator, twine cutter, digging fork, hay knife, sprinkle, sprayer, shovel, spade, harrow, tractors, cultivators, bolo, ditching tools, rake sickle and planter may be used to perform the work easier.
**Related Studies**
Lemongrass Essential Oil Different studies about the essential oil of lemongrass with its properties and benefits has been conducted all over the world. Its uses has been a great help in the food flavoring, medicinal aspect, for antioxidant, and many more. It has been studied for its noteworthy chemical compositions and uses.
From Singapore, the study of “Antibacterial Activity of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) Oil Against Some Selected Pathogenic Bacterias”, conducted by Mohd Irfan Naik et. al, lemongrass oil was investigated for activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Bacillus cereus (B. cereus), Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), to find the effectiveness of its essential for the treatment of pathogenic organism. Using Agar Diffusion Method and Broth Dilution Method, the results shows that Lemongrass was found effective against all the test organisms except P. aeruginosa. The tested organisms, particularly gram-negative organisms has high resistance towards different antibiotics whereas they were found to be inhibited by lemongrass oil even at lower concentration. Thus lemongrass oil is effective against drug resistant organisms. It can be suggested that use of lemongrass oil would be helpful in the treatment of infections caused by multidrug resistant organisms.
In Indonesia, the study of “Bioactive Compounds Of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) Essential Oil From Different Parts Of The Plant And Distillation Methods As Natural Antioxidant In Broiler Meat”, conducted by E S Hartatie et. al, they investigate the bioactive compounds of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil from its different parts (leaves, stalk and whole plant) and the distillation methods as natural antioxidant in broiler meat by means of steam water distillation and water distillation. The results shows that the bioactive compounds of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential Oil from different parts of the plant and different distillation method are very varied and it has different percentage inhibition. On steam water distillation, the highest value of antioxidant activity come from lemongrass stalk. While in water distillation method, the highest value of antioxidant activity come from whole plant of lemongrass. Based on average of antioxidant activity, Lemongrass oil can use as natural antioxidant in broiler meat.
According to Alwani Hamad, Anggi Nuritasari, and Dwi Hartanti in their study “Chemical Composition And Antimicrobial Study Of Essential Oil Of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus)” in Indonesia, the essential oil of lemongrass consisted of 40 components, with geranial (45.058%) and neral (33.100%) as major constituents. The MIC of essential oil of lemongrass against B. subtilis and S. aureus was 31.25 µg/mL and 125 µg/mL, respectively. Somehow it was inactive against S. typhimurium, V. cholera, and E. coli. They found out that the essential oil of lemongrass was mainly consisted of neral and geranial. These two aldehydes compounds were responsible for moderate to strong antimicrobial activity of essential oil of lemongrass against B. subtilis and S. aureus.
From Algeria, the study of “Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon Citratus) Essential Oil As a Potent Anti-inflammatory and Antifungal Drugs”, conducted by Mohamed Nadjib Boukhatem et. al, lemon grass essential oil (LGEO) was evaluated for its in vivo topical and oral anti-inflammatory effects, and for its in vitro antifungal activity using both liquid and vapor phases. The chemical profile of LGEO as determined by gas chromatography– mass spectrometry analysis revealed two major components: geranial (42.2%), and neral (31.5%). The antifungal activity of LGEO was evaluated against several pathogenic yeasts and filamentous fungi using disc diffusion and vapor diffusion methods. The results of the study shows that the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effect, LGEO (10 mg/kg, administered orally) significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema with a similar effect to that observed for oral diclofenac (50 mg/kg), which was used as the positive control. The topical application of LGEO at doses of 5 and 10 µL/ear significantly reduced acute ear edema induced by croton oil in 62.5 and 75% of the mice, respectively. In addition, topical application of LGEO in vivo resulted in a potent a nti-inflammatory effect as demonstrated by using the mouse model of croton oil-induced ear edema and histological analysis clearly confirmed that LGEO inhibits the skin inflammatory response in animal models. The study indicates that LGEO has a noteworthy potential for the development of drugs for the treatment of fungal infections and skin inflammation that should be explored in future studies. According to the study “Antimicrobial Activity Of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) Oil Against Microbes Of Environmental, Clinical And Food Origin” in India, conducted by Bhoj Raj Singh et. al, out of the 1114 strains belonging to 29 genera and 105 species of microbes (molds, yeasts and bacteria) isolated from different sources [clinical cases, environment (water, air, soil, droppings of lizards and birds), food and healthy animals], 38.2% were sensitive to lemongrass oil discs containing 50 µg oil/disc. All molds, yeasts, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Morganella morganii, most of the Bacillus spp. strains (84.3%), aeromonads (78%), Edwardsiella spp. (73.9%), 53.6% pseudomonads, 53.1% streptococci and 50% of Budvicia aquatica and Leminorella ghirmontii strains were sensitive to lemongrass oil (LGO). On the other hand, all Hafnea alvei, Laclercia adecarboxylata, Xenorhabdus luminescens and majority of Salmonella enterica (98.3%), Citrobacter spp. (93.7%), Providencia spp. and Kluyvera cryocrescens (83.3%), Enterobacter spp. (78.2%), Proteus spp. (78%), Escherichia spp. (77.7%), enterococci (73.7%), Serratia spp. (75%) and Erwinia ananas (75%), Pragia fontium (70.6%), staphylococci (69.8%) and Klebsiella spp. (62.7%) strains were resistant to LGO. MIC of LGO for sensitive strains (tested against discs containing 50 µg LGO) varied from 1 µg to 32 µg /ml while none of the resistant strains had MIC.
In the Philippine study “ Stability Studies Of Essential Oils From Some Philippine Plant II. Cymbopogon Citratus (D.C.) STAPF”, conducted by Minda Flor T. Brandares et. al, lemongrass oil being extracted from fresh, air-dried, and wilted leaves of Cypobogon Citratus (D.C.) STAPF by water distillation shows that oil extracted from fresh leaves was the most stable compared to those from the air dried and wilted leaves sample. The rates of evaporation of the oil under direct sunlight was 3 times faster than at room temperature and 46 times faster than at refrigerated condition. The study found out that the light and length of storage caused a deterioration in the quality of the oil as shown by a decrease in citral content.
REFERENCES
A Hamad et. al (2017). Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Study of Essential Oil of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) . Retrieved from : http://www.Lemongrass%20Research/Lemongrass%20Research/chemical-composition-and-antimicrobial-study-of-essential-oil-of-lemongrass-cymbopogon-citratus
A Joseph et. al (2006). Lemongrass. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305495607_Lemongrass
B Singh et. al (2011). Antimicrobial Activity Of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) Oil Against Microbes Of Environmental, Clinical And Food Origin. Retrieved from: http://www.Lemongrass%20Research/Lemongrass%20Research/antimicrobial_cl inical_food_origin
E S Hartatie et. al (2019).Bioactive Compounds Of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) Essential Oil From Different Parts Of The Plant And Distillation Methods As Natural Antioxidant In Broiler Meat. Retrieved from: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/532/1/012018
G Shah et. al (2011). Scientific Basis for The Therapeutic Use Of Cymbopogon Citratus, Stapf (Lemon Grass). Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3217679/
L Belardo & D Academician (2019). ESSENTIAL OILS. Retrieved from: https://www.nast.ph/images/pdf%20files/Publications/NAST%20Transactions/NAST%201980%20Transactions%20Volume%202/Sym%203%20Essential%20Oils %20Luz%20O.%20Belardo
M Boukhatem et. al (2014). Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon Citratus) Essential Oil as a Potent Anti-Inflammatory and Antifungal Drugs. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4170112/
M F Brandares et. al (1987). Stability Studies Of Essential Oils From Some Philippine Plant II. Cymbopogon Citratus (D.C.) STAPF. Retrieved from: http://scinet.dost.gov.ph/union/Downloads/30-41_66712
M Naik et. al (2010). Antibacterial Activity Of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) Oil Against Some Selected Pathogenic Bacterias. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1995764510601290
R Torres & A Ragadio (2018). Chemical composition of the essential oil of Philippine Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. Retrieved from: http://www.herdin.ph/index.php?view=research&cid=20346
R Torres & B Tio (2001). Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) Oil Industry Challenges and Breakthroughs. Retrieved from: http://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/home-1/14-vol-130-no-2-december-2001/243- citronella-cymbopogon-winterianus-oil-industry-challenges-and-breakthroughs
V Srivastava et. al (2013). A Review On Lemon Grass: Agricultural And Medicinal Aspect. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271236199_A_REVIEW_ON_LEMON_ GRASS_AGRICULTURAL_AND_MEDICINAL_ASPECT
1. Japan Funds Lemongrass Oil Distillery In Negros. https://www.manilatimes.net/2016/08/25/business/japan-funds-lemongrass-oil-distillery-in-negros/281929/
2. Lemongrass Essential Oil. http://www.thecasadelorenzo.com/2012/04/lemongrass-essential-oil.html
3. Lemongrass Essential Oil: Benefits And Uses For Hair, Skin, And Joints. https://www.newdirectionsaromatics.com/blog/products/all-about-lemongrass-oil.html
4. Lemongrass Essential Oil History. http://sallysorganics.com/lemongrass- 2/lemongrass-history/
5. Supercritical Co2 Extraction Equipment. https://www.cntradematt.com/scfe-special/gclid=EAIaIQobChMIqvHhtPz36wIVtcEWBR3qXAWAEAAYAiAAEgL_a PD_BwE
@CLANDESTINE0819
Scientific Revolution
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w70BkCqgyyI
During the 16th and 17th century, a drastic change in scientific thought took place, a scientific revolution, where a new view of nature emerged replacing the Greek viewthat thad dominated science for almost 2,000 years. The scientific revolution is the resurrection of modern-day science which emerges in the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology that includes human anatomy, and chemistry transformed societal views about nature.
Though scientific revolution is complicated and a twisted term upon whose specific periods and actors has started, which nobody agrees upon, the publication in 1543 of Nicolaus Copernicus‘s De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) is often cited as marking of its beginning. Other scientists and historians with their proofs of various events have managed to create their version of this revolution. In the Italy in its early years of the 17th century, where scientific societies begin to spring up, two great national scientific societies which is the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, created by Royal Charter in 1662, and the Académie des Sciences of Paris, formed in 1666 was said to mark the zenith of the Scientific Revolution.
**The Start of Scientific Revolution**
In the years 1473 - 1543, Nicholas Copernicus who asserted a heliocentric (sun-centered) cosmos, started the "Scientific Revolution" and was ended by Isaac Newton in 1642 - 1727, who proposed universal laws and a Mechanical Universe. This was roughlyunfolded in Europe between 1550 to1700 which refers to historical changes in thought & belief, to changes in social & institutional organization.
**The relevance of Scientific Revolution to the society**
Science itself and its Scientific Revolution since then has been criticized by many for being unclear and undefinable, making its origin and nature hard to understand. Being still ill-defined to everyone, its significance has been a challenged to learn by the society in an endless expanse of space.
The Scientific Revolution has made the previous existing knowledge became a functional reality and is almost inconceivable. Fundamental transformation in scientific ideas across mathematics, physics, astronomy, and biology in institutions supporting the scientific investigation and in the more widely held picture of the universe was shown in this period. This revolution emphasized systematic experimentation as the most valid research method and led to the establishment of several modern sciences, resulted to mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry developments which transformed the views of society about nature.
Hi guys, I hope this article helps, you can share your thought about it too, just comment below.
Thanks for reading.
Stay safe and healthy. ❤️
@CLANDESTINE0819
What pushes people to invent different technologies?
*The above photo shows the historical antecedents of science and technology. It shows the modernization of the inventions as time passes by. So what pushes people to invent different technologies?*
We are now in the 21stcentury,where everything has been modernized by technology, everyone dreamed of having a convenient life by investing too much on new inventions and innovations. We live to create something new that will help us live a better life, which pushes us to invent different technologies. And we have been studying, aiming to end the world’s greatest problems. Relating this to agriculture, one of the greatest problemit has is regarding to the insufficient agriculture product, which really needed to be given attention. The past of circumstances of agriculture ihas not been easy to the farmers, comparing the agricultural equipment we have for the last decades we have more improved equipment now. By the help of the technology,we now have high standards machineries for agriculture and agriculturists and agricultural engineers are continuously studying for its betterment. Today farmers have more opportunities to incorporate the newest and best ideas into their operations and businesses. There are many ways we, farmers, can implement new technology in the farmnow,making us more excited to learn more fromit andimproveit. Inventions and innovations of different technologies are made by the demand of the societal and humankind needs. Lacking for something, knowing that we won’t stand for less, pushes people to innovate and invent more. Having a modernized world, we ought to live a high standard life, and this means invention of new technologies that will make us have the life we want to have.
**Implications of Science and Technology in the Society**
Technology being an application of science is known to be the products and processes used to simplify our daily lives. Technology and science are different subjects which work hand-in-hand to accomplish specific tasks or to solve problems. We apply technology in almost everything we do; we use technology at work, for communication, transportation, learning, manufacturing, securing data, scaling businesses and so much more. Technology is human knowledge which involves tools, materials, and systems. The application of this typically results in its products, if technology is well applied, it benefits humans, but the opposite thing is that, if it is being used for malicious and unfavorable reasons, it'll wreck us. For me, technology is both boon and bane. It has both negative and positive implications in the society. I agree that it is really a big help nowadays, especially now that all the platforms we are using to stay productive and progressive are from the modernization of technological equipment and machineries, but the thing is that you can't prevent anybody from abusing it.
We are aware of what’s happening in our surroundings, we are all now dependent on technologies that it now became our life. Technological machineries and equipment has given negative impacts on our society and nature, those waste from the industries polluting the environment, leading to social imbalance, it sometimes promote endless wars through social media and in person, and replace jobs of people that instead of taking time to do those important matters, you'll end up consuming it all through your gadgets, browsing, posting, selfies, etc.; like what Sherry Turkle discuss on TED “Connected But Alone?”. If technology has its banes, of course it has also its boons, like, it gives us convenience, quicker and easier travel and expand entertainment. It makes business easier to handle and to bring on success, we can do the promotion of our products on an online shop, it introduces us to virtual learning, the is the reason why we're still having classes in the middle of this disastrous pandemic, and we got e-books and wattpad also. Because of this, information nowadays is easy to look for, we have our asking buddy named google, where we can ask anything we want to know, and we can talk to our love ones around the world through video calls. There's a lot of things that we can do by the help of the technology, and most importantly it provides a state-of-the-art medicine which make all mankind comfortable enough. The implication of science and technology is based from the way how people are using it. Always remember that it may lead us to success, but it can also wreck us all, it depends on how we handle it.
Hi everyone, you can share your thoughts about the topic too, just comment it down below. Keeps safe. ❤️
@CLANDESTINE0819
Engineering Specifications
**Specifications from the context of engineering.**
The term "Engineering specifications" is used differently in different technical contexts they often refer to particular documents or particular information within them. It is the records of the information processing equipment with detailed documentation of its construction, wiring, arrangement and its related engineering details.These are the set of goals that inorder to achieve, it is necessary to meet the user's requirements. Engineering specifications are quantitative, which a product is designed to satisfy that includes engineering units commonly defined and adopted by convention and law and is used as a standard for measurement of the same physical quantity of any amount. Specifications are the restatement of the design problem in terms of parameters that can be measured and have target values. With the specifications you will learn to use the house of quality methodology.
**The What, Why and How of Engineering Specifications.**
*-What: Capture the Appropriate Amount of the Right Information. What does an effective engineering specification look like?*
At the most basic level, specs are a group of documents detailing requirements for a product, process or material. An effective engineering specification capture the amount of the right information. Your specs present requirements that are not covered by regulatory bodies and industry codes. To be effective, specs should be almost impossible to misread or misinterpret, written in clear, precise language explicit, but not so detailed they require constant clarifications or deviation requests from your vendors or fabricatorsconcise yet comprehensive, stating precisely what you need, what you prefer, and what you’re not willing to accept.
*-Why: Reduce Errors, Save Time and Manage Risk*
Having specs for these topics mean that every time you kick off a project, you aren’t starting from scratch, giving you a running start. If your specs aren’t written clearly, they’re easy to misinterpret. Having a set of reliable, well-reviewed specs saves you time and effort when undertaking projects. Similarly, confusingly structured information might lead your suppliers to miss some of your requirements. If you provide the wrong materials to site, your project might fall behind schedule or your facility’s downtime might increase, costing you money. Effective specs also help to mitigate risk. In the event of legal or regulatory challenges, safety incidents or environmental problems, you need to be able to produce documented proof that your company isn’t at fault. If your specs are missing important requirements, conflict with code, or contradict other information your company provides, you could be liable.
*How: Improve Readability, Write Unambiguously, Eliminate Redundancy*
**Best practices in preparing specifications.**
Best practices for writing specifications includes applying the Five Cs of communication. Your specs need to be clear, concise, correct, complete and consistent. Professional technical writers and editors with experience in the engineering and energy industries can help.
Specifications need to use simple language and short sentences. A lot of technical documents are written to impress, not to inform. It captures each requirement in a single, numbered statement or clause, avoid lumping together several requirements in a “wall of words” that will let readers skim over. It should state explicitly who is responsible for each requirement. Using the active voice helps—for example, state “The Vendor shall provide suitable protection for all pipes” rather than “Suitable protection for all pipes shall be provided.” The latter statement is unclear as to who is responsible. It should eliminate redundancy and contradictions. Repeating similar information introduces the possibility that one statement will contradict another, or that a reader could wilfully “cherry pick” one interpretation over another. It should be streamline, wherein if your company has recently acquired another company that had its own specs, it’s important to reconcile and harmonize them before confusion sets in.
**Section 5 (a) of RA 10915 which embraces preparation of specifications for what ABE fields of specialization and relate to the use of Code of technical standards in aiding the preparation of specifications.**
The specifications of ABE such as preparation of engineering designs, plans, specifications, project studies, feasibility studies and estimates of irrigation and drainage, soil and water conservation and management systems and facilities, agrometeorological systems, agricultural and biosystems power, and machinery, agricultural and biosystems buildings and structures, renewable/bio-energy systems and farm electrification, agricultural and bio-processing and post harvest facilities and system, agricultural and biological waste utilization and management, agricultural and bio-information system, agricultural and biosystems resource conservation and management, and agricultural and bio-automation and instrumentation system, which embraces preparation for Agricultural and Biosystems Power and Machinery; Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, Agricultural and Biosystems Buildings and SStructures, Agricultural and Bio-process Engineering, Food Engineering, Renewable/Bio-Energy and Farm Electrificatio, Agricultural and Biological Waste Management, Aquacultural Engineerin, Forest Engineering, Agricultural and Biosystems Automation and IInstrumentatio, Agricultural and Bio-Information System, Agrometeorology, an Agricultural and Biological Resource Conservation and Management shall be in accordance to Philippine Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Standards (PABES) and shall serve as Code of Technical Standards of all registered and licensed agricultural and biosystems engineers in the practice of their profession.
@CLANDESTINE0819
Arts Appreciation ❤️
Hi guys, let me share my arts to you. I made this in our art appreciation sujbect last year. Hope you'll like it.
The painting above was made last year. I paint it using the watercolor.
This one is a movie cover, the "PREDATOR". I draw it using the pen. By the way I just copy that concept on the internet.
I forget the title of this one, haha. This is one of our outputs in arts appreciation too.
Stay safe and healthy to everyone, enjoy scrolling.
Feel free to comment your thoughts about this. You can also visit my account for more arts.
@CLANDESTINE0819
Agriculture and Technology (21st Century)
Food is indispensable in life, and we cant live without this. In the wideness of the planet we are in, it is said that nothing links us more effectively with the other seven billion people on this Earth than this basic need. And no challenge is more fundamental than providing a safe and reliable supply of nutrients to humankind. All living creatures needs living things to sustain their basic needs, we need agriculture in our life. Population growth, urbanization, climate change, water shortages, and soil degradation has become a problem now. There are many factors affecting the global supply of nutrients and the challenges weve been encountering are tremendous. These challenges affect not only legislatures and governments, but especially those rights at the beginning of the food chain the farmers. Increasing population and consumption are placing unprecedented demands on agriculture and natural resources. Today, approximately a billion people are chronically malnourished while our agricultural systems are concurrently degrading land, water, biodiversity and climate on a global scale. And this is a serious problem everyone should notice. We can all agree, regardless of our background, that feeding everyone while maintaining the Earths ecosystems are critical goals and is very hard to achieve.
In the 21st century, where everything around us has been influenced by technology, applying the scientific knowledge to the practical aims of human life, creating tools that will make the manipulation of human life environment and have a comfortable life to live with. We became so engrossed to the things we used to do, gadgets, social Medias and everything that makes our focus away from the things we need to heed the most. Having a modernized world, we ought to live a high standard life, many dream of becoming a professional but not a farmer. We refused to be called farmers and we are being ashamed that we are one, when in fact thats what our country really need the most, the Philippines is known be an agricultural country. The agriculture and resources we have now are the best gift we can ever have from Above, we are accountable of flourishing these resources and not to abused it and use in everything we want without restoring what we have had.
As the population grows, the demand for the agriculture product increasingly grows too. We are facing difficulties achieving the demand of food we need every day. We know that agriculture plays a great role to end hunger, achieve food security, improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture. Increasing agricultural production is one of the keys to fight hunger and poverty. That is how the FAO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, put it. And I agree with that, if we lack on something, all we need to do is to supply the shortcoming of it, increasing its production rate to reach the demand needed. But like what others have been questioning, how can we produce more and more while using less and less?
We are now in the phase of our life where everything has been modernized by technology, everyone dreamed of having a convenient life by investing too much on machineries. We live to create something new that will help us live a better life. And we have been studying, aiming to end the worlds greatest problems. One of it is the problem regarding to the insufficient agriculture product, which is really needed to be given attention. Farmers of the past made their way on cropping with just a simple tools and farm animals bolo kutsilyo (which means Bolo knife) , shovels, rakes, carabaos etc. to help them on their works. The past of circumstances of agriculture has not been easy to the farmers, but they gain healthy and natural products because of the organic fertilizers they used, to think that they are not yet proficient about those enhance inorganic fertilizers. Comparing the agricultural equipment we have for the last decades we have more improved equipment now. By the help of the technology we now have high standards machineries for agriculture; we have lots of inorganic fertilizers which is not so good for the product. Agriculturists and agricultural engineers are continuously studying for its betterment. But still we are lacking for the demand of food.
Today farmers have more opportunities to incorporate the newest and best ideas into their operations and businesses. There are many ways we farmers can implement new technology in the farm making them us more excited to learn more from it and improve it. We have ultrasound technology machine which can be used in detecting animals pregnancy as well as determine fetal viability, gender, and calving date which is very useful for those businessman. We have drones which play a big role in agriculture; it can be used in monitoring in the crop scouting to find insects, diseases and weeds in the fields. We have different machineries for different productions of goods, we have lots of machineries but still its efficiency and constant improvement is crucial. We have all the high technology we need in our farms now, but we still have inadequate supply of food. Maybe it is because we lack of farmers to do the job of supplying the agricultural products. We dont have enough agriculturist, agricultural engineers, agribusiness man, we lack of agricultural facilitators which will help improve our agricultural production rate. That is what we need the most, we also lack of schools who offers agricultural and forestry courses. As an agricultural and biosystems engineering student I can say that that is one of the problem why we are experiencing shortage of food production. Also almost all of the farmers we have here in the Philippines is not knowledgeable enough about plants and animals having different notions on making plants grow. All we need now is to encourage more students to take agricultural courses, make a life abundant of resources and food, and help others make a life to live longer. Make a living.
Hi guys, I hope you're all doing fine.
Thoughts and opinions about this article are highly appreciated by the author, just comment it below.
Thank you for reading. ❤️
@CLANDESTINE0819
My Drawings
The beauty of an art depends on its viewer.
Hi guys, let me share to you my arts, it's not that good, you're free to criticise it haha.
**THE ENGINEER'S TRANSIT**
I draw this last last year (when I was in my 2nd year of college life) in our ***Surveying*** course subject. By the way I am taking up BS in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering that's why we have surveying subject, I am now a 3rd year student. Our professor in this subject is the best professor ever❤️.
**When and In What Situations I Started To Believe that There Is A Higher Entity.**
This one is all about religion, I draw it when I was in my 1st year of college life. We were task to draw about it in our ***Understanding The Self*** subject. If you wanna know the explanation about the picture, you can visit my account, it was there, I posted it.
**A Peaceful Place**
I draw this one last year, in our ***Art Appreciation*** subject. We've done lots of arts in this subject. It's all in my sketchpad. Our professor here encouraged me to express myself through arts, to appreciate art. I look tall on that drawing, contrary to my true height haha. Blame the photographer, I just copied it from one of my pictures.
I still have lots of arts in my sketchpad. I'll try to post it if you would like to see it guysss, thanks for viewing.
Feel free to share your thoughts about arts, your critics and judgements about my drawings lol haha. I'm not that good in it, but I'm expressing myself through this medium. Just comment below, you can also subscribe. ❤️
@CLANDESTINE0819
@CLANDESTINE0819
