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A buffer solution is a solution which resists changes in pH upon the addition of small amount of weak acid or a weak base. A typical example of a buffer is the liquid in tomatoes and blood.
How's a buffer formed? Buffer is formed from the mixture of a weak acid and its salt or conjugate base. Also it can be formed from the mixture of a weak base and its conjugate acid or salt but it can never be formed between a stronger form of what's listed.
Henderson-Haselbach proposed an equation to solve for the pH of a buffer;
pH=pKa + log([conjugate base]/[acid])