History of atom bomb.

History of the discovery of the atom bomb

The name of Albert Einstein will remain unforgettable in the history of science. In 1905 he created some revolutionary ideas in the world of human thought. The exchange of mass and energy was one of these ideas. His famous equation is, E = mc2. Here energy by E means mass by m and speed of light per second by c. That is, the energy obtained by multiplying the mass of matter by the square of the velocity of light is the bound energy of that amount of matter.

We know that the speed of light is 300 million meters per second, which is 16,000 miles. So even if a very small amount of matter is multiplied by 300 million squares, it is not very difficult to calculate the huge amount of energy that can be obtained. If you do not understand its meaning then and later people understand its meaning properly.

Two thousand years ago, the Greek philosopher Democritus introduced the concept of the atom. atom is an English word whose word is atom. Which can no longer be shared. According to Democritus, ‘the only matter that exists on earth is atom and vacuum, and everything else is just opinion.

In the nineteenth century, John Dalton revived the idea of ​​the atomic structure of matter. After much criticism of Dalton's theory, the discovery of radioactive elements by Baccarel, Pierre Curie and Mary Curie, the discovery of electrons by Thomson and the practice of radioactive rays emanating from uranium, radium and thorium left no room for doubt. Scientist Rutherford later discovered a model of the atom. Where he says the atom has a center called the nucleus. The nucleus contains positively charged protons and charge neutral neutrons. And outside the nucleus are negatively charged electrons in a circular orbital path. The electrons are always rotating. This nucleus contains 99.975 percent of the total mass of the atom. Its average density is about 3x100000000000000 kilograms per cubic centimeter. When the atomic mass is less than the total mass of protons, neutrons and electrons, we find the connecting energy of the atom when the unit of energy is E = mc2.

In 1936, two German chemists, Ottohan and Strasman, succeeded in breaking down the atom of 235 elements of uranium. As a result, there was an uproar all over the world. At a session on December 26, 1936, Bohr announced to scientists the breakdown of the atom and its explanation. Before Bohr's speech was over, several of the audience quickly left the auditorium and reported the matter to their respective laboratories by telephone. Within days, scientists at the Carnegie Institution in Washington and Columbia Embryology recognized Hunstrassmann's discovery. Because the key to building an atomic bomb lay in this discovery. The process of successive fission of some of the heavier atoms is called symmetry. This neutrin, captured by the easily fissile element, causes the next stage of division and thus the flow continues. This process is used in atomic bombs. Initiating a process required for the production of nuclear energy or weapons is called symmetry. If the uranium nucleus is roughly divided into two equal parts, only one or more neutrons are emitted at the same time, so that the same reaction can take place. In 1939, Jolio Curie and his colleagues showed that neutrons come out when the uranium nucleus breaks down. Zillard and Fermi were aware of the deadly possibilities and consequences of this discovery. As a result, Zillard and Fermi did not divulge the secret of uranium breakdown beforehand and forbade Jolio and Currie to disclose it. But Jolio and Currie understood the opposite. They thought Zillard and Fermi would reveal it before them. In contemporary times, the French were far ahead of the others in exploring homosexuality. So Jolio and Curie denied privacy. An article by Zillard and his colleagues was published in the Physical Review on 15 April 1939. The number of neutrons emitted in the uranium nucleus fission after one week. A new article by French scientists entitled The Nature is published. The report mentioned that the average number of neutrons was between 3 and 4. French scientists quickly obtained 5 patents to show their pioneering state. What is the ratio of uranium and moderator to be inserted and their homogeneity and heterogeneity in the insertion was mentioned in the pen. It was proposed to use beryllium, graphite, water and heavy water as moderators for neutron emission in the split. A number of methods for controlling the reaction are discussed, and the patent describes a number of methods for collecting the heat generated. An atomic bomb is an easily detachable substance like uranium 235 that explodes and creates a fast neutron reaction.

World War II began in late 1939. In the months leading up to the war, French scientists took steps to produce nuclear bombs and energy. Within days of the start of the war, Hitler announced that Germany had a formidable secret weapon in its hands that no one knew how to stop or destroy. The then British government asked scientist Chadwick to find out the source of the power of Hitler's secret weapons. In his report, Chadwick told the British government that such bombs could be made if 1 to 30 tons of uranium could be supplied. But Otto Fris and Rudolf Pearls, scientists, calculated that if 235 elements of pure uranium were used instead of natural uranium, then 1 to 30 tons of uranium would not be needed, but only a few pounds of uranium could explode. But the problem is that scientists did not yet know how to isolate the uranium 235 isotope. Yet the British government gave Chadwick the responsibility of making the bomb. He is accompanied by Auto Fris and Rudolph Pearls. Among the Jewish scientists who left Germany as soon as Hitler came to power were Pearls, Einstein, Zillard, Beginner, and Taylor. Interestingly, it was the expatriate scientists who explained to the British and the United States the possibility of making a nuclear bomb. The British government later formed the Thomson Committee with Elephant, Thomson and Blackett scientists. This Thomson Committee later became the Mod Committee. The committee unequivocally recommended: "In view of this committee, the plan to build a nuclear bomb is realistic and the usefulness of this bomb in achieving the final outcome of the war is undeniable. The other two displaced Hungarian scientists, Zillard and Edward Taylor, encouraged the United States to build a nuclear bomb. Since the US government did not listen to them, the two men approached Einstein and asked him to write a letter to President Roosevelt explaining the matter. Einstein later wrote several letters to Roosevelt. Roosevelt also realized that if Hitler could make this bomb, everything would be doomed. So Roosevelt instructed his secretary to take action.

Secretary Watson formed the three-member Briggs Committee. In this direction, the Second World War has started loudly. Even then America was not involved in the war. During this time Britain completed a draft of its nuclear bomb program. From this draft it became clear that the possibility of developing military-friendly weapons during the war was bright. The recommendations of the Briggs Committee and the National Academy of Sciences in the United States have not progressed so far. Roosevelt was persuaded by the report of the British Mod Committee that it was possible to build a nuclear weapon with the help of 235 elements of uranium separated by gaseous diffusion. The technique of making atomic bombs began to be exchanged between Britain and America. At the same time, the United States and Britain began working with their allies to develop nuclear bomb-making techniques. Roosevelt wrote a letter to Churchill to provide knowledge of British technology. Britain was one of the pioneers in the development of the atomic bomb between the United States and Britain. But within a year, the United States had overtaken Britain in building a nuclear bomb. How far Britain has lagged behind can only be understood by looking at an American bomb-making budget.

সেন্ট 37 million for centrifuge plant for uranium 235 element segregation, সী 12 million for unlimited pneumatic separation plant, ২৫ 25 million for plutonium pile and ৩ 3 million for heavy water production. Thus, Britain and the United States, two allies in World War II, took the initiative to build an atomic bomb, leaving Russia, a third ally, in complete darkness. Of course, it is well known that neither Britain nor the United States views Bolshevik Russia very favorably. Therefore, their behavior was undesirable but not unexpected.

Just as the head falls when you pull the ear, so does the topic of 'heavy water' come up in any discussion about the atomic bomb. But this heavy water object is as rare as it is unfamiliar to us. We know that water is a compound that has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom in one molecule. Earlier in the discussion on the element uranium, I mentioned that uranium exists in three isotopes, uranium 234, uranium 235 and uranium 237. The hydrogen element exists in nature in two isotopic states: protium and deuterium. The mass of the protium is 1.0062u. This proteium is 99.975 percent of the hydrogen present in nature. But only 0.015 percent of hydrogen exists in the isotopic state called deuterium and its mass number is 2.0140u. So we can call protium light hydrogen and deuterium heavy hydrogen. Our well-known water molecules contain protium and oxygen. But the heavy water molecule we mentioned contains deuterium and oxygen. That is why it is called heavy water. This heavy water is an expensive element in making nuclear power or weapons.

Since the outbreak of World War II, four companies have been conducting research aimed at developing nuclear power or weapons. The Thomson Committee of Britain, the College de France team led by Frederick Joylio of France, the German team and the Biggs Committee of the United States. The French were at the forefront of research into nuclear power and bomb-making. The French team had already conducted a test using graphite as a moderator and could not reach a final decision. So they decided to use heavy water as a moderator. In the early 1940's, only Rukan in Norway was producing heavy water on an industrial scale. French scientists were able to convince French Defense Minister Duterte that it was important to seize Norway's heavy water resources. The news that the French received before the preparations were made was alarming. According to intelligence sources, the Germans were not only trying to buy the entire Norwegian factory stockpile, but were also trying to reach an agreement with them to supply more and regular heavy water. A young Frenchman named Lieutenant Jacques Alier came forward to deal with such a complex situation. Ali was a successful businessman. He was assigned as an officer in a special branch of the French intelligence service. Aliar explained everything the French knew about the Germans' nuclear research to the Minister of Arms. But more important than this knowledge was the fact that the bank he was a member of had a huge financial investment in the Norsk Hydro Company. And it was this hydro company that owned the Rukan heavy water plant. Ali left Paris for Oslo in early March 1970. On the way from Stockholm he took with him three members of their intelligence agency. The director general of the Norsk Hydro plant was Dr. Axel Ubert. Arriving in Oslo, he immediately met Ubert. The Germans had already made contact with Ubert before Aliyar. But when Ubert asked the Germans for what purpose they needed heavy water, he was skeptical. Ali, with his intelligence and skill, was able to capture what the Germans had not been able to do before. In other words, within a few days, an agreement was signed between them.

According to the agreement, 175 kilograms of heavy water stored in Norway was seized by the French. At that time World War II was raging. The French were worried about how to bring the heavy water vessels from Norway because the German soldiers kept a close eye on these heavy water vessels. It was first planned that twenty-six vessels of heavy water would be brought to France by submarine. But later he moved away from this decision again. Aliar and his colleagues flew 26 pots of heavy water to Edinburgh, Scotland, with dust in their eyes. From there the pots were shipped back to London.

On March 16, Aliar and his colleagues returned to Paris. He brought with him all the heavy water stored in the earth at that time. These heavy water containers are kept under the ground in a college warehouse. In addition, a roof was built over the warehouse that could not be damaged by a thousand pounds of bombs.

On May 10, 1940, Germany invaded France. The Germans entered the interior of France and began to advance rapidly. The fall of the French government is imminent. At a time when defeat was imminent, French Defense Minister Dutri Nana Jamela did not forget about this costly heavy water. Even in the face of defeat, he thought that this was the substance that could one day re-establish the status of the French. He instructed Julio Curie to take measures so that these would not fall into the hands of the enemy. Jolie Curie instructed Halban to take them first to Mont Dore in central France and from there to Clermont Ferrand to secure the ark of the Bank de France. Halban and his family set off in a motor vehicle carrying heavy water containers, some radium and valuable documents. The next day he arrived in the city of Riyadh. In a small house there, Halban fixed his equipment. His real need was a flowing stream. Many of his team of scientists, including Jolie Curie, were present. There they carried out small-scale research into the development of the atomic bomb. Suddenly one day Aliar came and informed that the enemy was advancing very fast so the French government ordered to move the heavy water containers to another country. Heavy water containers are transported to the port in a vehicle. Arriving at the port, Halban and Kawarski saw a simple British ship called Broompark. He served on this ship with the 20th Earl of Suffolk. Suffolk made all the sailors of the ship drunk. On that occasion heavy water containers were loaded into the ship. They doubted that if the ship sank, their plans would be thwarted. So they tied the vessels tightly with a wooden raft and carried them on board. Eventually the impending blow of many bombs came to a halt on the southern edge of Broompark Cornwall. From there they reached London.

Niels Bohr did not gain world fame like Einstein. His fame was limited to Europe and the scientific community at the time. But the fact that he is the brightest astrologer in theoretical physics is almost indisputable. After the splitting of the uranium nucleus by Han and Straussmann, it was mainly on the basis of Bohr's theory of splitting that the atomic bomb was made possible. It was known that three different isotopes of uranium exist in such a mixed state that it is almost difficult to separate them. 99% of this mixture is uranium 238. Of the 1,000 uranium nuclei, seven are uranium-235. According to Bohr's number, this rare uranium 235 isotope is fissile. When a neutron enters the nucleus with an odd mass like uranium 235 isotope, it becomes an even mass and breaks into two. If the blocked neutron converts the even mass number to an odd mass number, then that neutron will be stored in the nucleus and the nucleus will not break easily. Bohr's theoretical prediction was soon supported by experiments. It is clear that the rare uranium 235 isotope is mainly fractured by neutrons. Bohr's theory of atomic fission was published in 1939.

Even then the world war did not start. Since the beginning of the war, the situation has changed rapidly. Since 1940, he has distanced himself from all nuclear weapons initiatives in Britain and the United States. In early 1943, he received a letter from the Danish resistance in the Nazi-occupied homeland. The letter was an invitation from Chadwick, England. Chadwick wrote the letter under the influence of British intelligence. He invited Bohr to come to England. Chadwick wrote that there is no other scientist in the world like you who would be more acceptable to our university and the general public. The letter also hinted that Bohr's knowledge of a number of subjects might be useful to them, although the subject was not explicitly mentioned. Bohr said he was unable to accept the invitation. Because it is absolutely necessary to stay in his country to protect all the foreign scientists who have come out of Hitler's clutches and taken refuge here. But he understood the issues mentioned in the letter. He told Chadwick, "Above all, to the best of my knowledge, I am convinced that the future prospects for the latest astonishing discoveries in nuclear science are bright, but difficult to use immediately." In September 1943, he was warned that he and his family could be arrested. Danish opponents let him cross to Sweden that night. The matter was reported to Britain. He was later brought to England in a safe and completely unknown condition. There he was briefed on the progress of the atomic bomb-making in the last two years.

Most scientists, politicians and military figures have focused on the effects of nuclear weapons in the current war. Bohr's reaction is completely different. Bohr was the first to realize the long-term consequences of nuclear weapons. If the Allies have reached the pinnacle of success in building nuclear weapons, this success will bring an end to the current war. There is nothing to discuss in this regard. But Bohr's question is what will happen next? The Russians will also increase their efforts to build those same weapons. Bohr is of the opinion that the Russians should announce the initiative to make these weapons now, without elaborating on the details. Otherwise, in the post-war world, the nuclear arms race will inevitably start from mutual suspicion.

The first atomic bomb test: Britain's Tube Alloys was formed in 1941 to make atomic bombs. The Manhattan Project of the United States Government was established in 1942 for the same purpose. In the space of one year, significant changes have taken place in the world situation. In 1941, the United States entered World War II as one of the Allies. Before joining the war, the attitude of the US government and most American scientists towards nuclear weapons was like the proverbial ‘catch fish or touch water’. But the sudden defeat of the Japanese at Pearl Harbor changed the attitude of the US government. They took up the project of building nuclear weapons on a military basis and deployed sufficient resources to implement this project. The theoretical and practical complexities that led many of the best scientists to the possibility of developing a nuclear weapon even a few years ago led to a rapid transformation of the situation. The hurdles that caused these initial dilemmas were overcome before the Manhattan Project began. So the two main requirements for success in building a nuclear weapon were strong political decisions and the provision of adequate resources. The British government was unable to meet these two needs. What Britain could not do, the US government did with enthusiasm. And for this purpose the famous or infamous project called 'Manhattan Project' was created.

After burning a lot of wood and straw, preparations for a nuclear explosion finally came to an end in 1945. Now only on-the-spot testing is required. The first atomic bomb test was given the pseudonym Trinity. The naming suggests that General Groves, the captain of the Manhattan Project, and his advisers lacked all the other human qualities, but not humor. According to Christianity, the word trinity means God, the Father, the Son, and the three forms of the Holy Spirit.

General Groves approved the Alamogorje air base, 120 miles from Los Almas, as a suitable site for the test. Although the site was remote and isolated due to security concerns, a fabricated story was spread to confuse the intruders that an unexpected explosion had occurred in the luggage stored at the base.

The plutonium needed for the first atomic bomb arrived in Los Alamos in early July. At noon on July 12, the precious object was transferred to Alamogordo. A few hours later, a procession of vehicles carrying the non-nuclear parts left for their destination. The destination is the uninhabited desert where a 100-foot metal tower was built for this purpose. The next day, the isolated parts were properly inserted into a tent at the base of the tower. By evening everything was ready, all that was left was to put in the explosive salt.

The next morning the bomb was lifted on a platform above the tower. All preparations were completed by 5 pm. The test is scheduled for July 16, four and a half hours before sunrise, that is, at half past two in the night. This time was changed just before midnight on 15 July. At three in the morning, Groves and Oppenheimer noticed that the sky was overcast. Due to which time was postponed again. The time is finally set at 5:30 in the morning, one hour before sunrise. The five men who were sitting in the tower finishing last-minute shots were ordered to leave at five in the morning. They all got down and left the dangerous area in their respective cars. Huge floodlights were lit to illuminate the tower and the object above it. The main camp is only seventeen thousand yards from the tower. The final count began ten minutes after General Groves returned to the camp. As the time interval began to decrease, from minutes to seconds, the amount of anxiety began to increase rapidly by leaps and bounds. Everyone in the camp was aware of the possibility of what was going to happen in an instant. Scientists felt that their calculations were correct, and that the explosion of the bomb was inevitable. But at the same time, there was a strong suspicion in the depths of everyone's mind. When the count on the radio was moving towards zero in the way of 10, 9, 6, he leaned on a pole and stood still like a piece of wood. As soon as the word 'now' was uttered in the quiet room, the whole desert was illuminated by lightning on an island equal to the light of a few midday sunlight, and the light of a blazing flame was seen for about two hundred miles.

Its colors are golden, purple, purple, gray and blue. This light illuminated every peak, ridge and crevice of the nearby mountains with such clarity and indescribability. In direct philosophy it is only imaginary. This is the beauty that the great poets only dreamed of. But in their description, the form of this beauty was not captured. All the scientists who were present to witness the first nuclear explosion on Earth had similar reactions. Oppenheimer recalls, “Some of those in attendance laughed, some cried, but most were stunned. Data collected in the next few hours showed that the explosion was much more intense than expected. Groves told Defense Minister Stimson that an explosion equivalent to 15,000 to 20,000 tons of TNT had occurred. The steel tower to which the bomb was attached evaporated in the scorching heat.