* Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development *

The Swiss psychologist "Jean Piaget" believed that all children go through a series of different stages during intellectual development. Piaget's hypothesis states that children go through four stages during cognitive development. Each stage leads to the completion of the other.

In the "sensory stage" of the first two years after birth, the newborn's development is non-verbal and perceptual. That is, at this stage, the newborn learns to walk on his knees, and to learn the primary physical movements. After eighteen months, the introduction of objects begins.

At this stage children are not rational, that is, what they see is the reality for them. When you play "hide and seek" with a child and hide somewhere, you cease to exist for that child, and when you suddenly come in front of him, you cease to exist for that child. Are ... That's why children are so excited.

The two-year period is a preoperative stage in which the child develops symbolic thinking and language use. At this stage the child becomes egocentric and considers himself the center of everything.

At this stage the child realizes that changing the order of things also changes their quantity.

At the same time, the period of eleven years is a concrete operational stage in which the child acquires a grip on concepts and develops the cause or effect of a task or matter logically. The child understands that if a full glass of water is poured into a jug, its quantity does not decrease. At this stage the child understands and adopts the concept of time, space and numbers.

Twelve years and beyond is the formal operational stage. The child is less ego centric. The formal operational stage is a child's puberty journey in which math, physics, philosophy, etc. are conceptualized. Piaget argues that the product of this stage is not universal. It depends on the quality of education, environment, society and lifestyle.

* Freud's psychoanalytical theory of personality development *

Sigmund Freud suggested that personality development goes through five psychosexual stages from birth to infancy.

At each stage, the child's focus is on the organs of the body that make it possible to achieve server pleasure. These organs are called erogenous zones.

"oral stage"

The focus of the children's expressions of happiness is on the mouth. Not getting food on time or getting food late develops biting or finger sucking in children.

Children who are prevented from expressing such attitudes, as children, adopt habits such as pencil sharpening and smoking while sitting in class. Their attitudes are more dependent on others, forgetfulness, optimism.

"Anal stage"

In this stage the erogenous zone shifts to anus. Eighteen to three years is the anal stage in which happiness is achieved by expelling waste.

Parents who want to determine the timing of their children's behavior, children resist the parents' behavior.

Children whose routines are controlled grow up

They are more obsessive and restless when their time table is disturbed.

"plallic stage"

Over a period of four to five years, babies begin to understand the difference between the sexes and make their penis the center of pleasure.

At the same stage, boys are obsessive about their mother and dislike or want to change their father. Only assert their rights over the mother. Freud called the Oedipus complex.

In girls, it is reversed in what Freud calls the Electra complex.

"Latency and genital stages"

Within a period of six years, the child's sexual interest is suppressed until puberty occurs. This stage is called latency.

genital stage

I have strong sexual interests. This is the age of puberty puberty. This is the time of narcissistic attitudes. There are difficulties in building relationships with others.

Over time, these attitudes begin to improve and mature.

* Erikson's stages of psychological development *

Erickson takes Freudian theory further and goes beyond puberty.

Erickson believed that as well as the experiences of childhood, the experiences of puberty also play a role in the development of human behavior.

The first year of birth is trust versus mistrust. If the child's immediate needs, such as food, sleep, etc., are met, he trusts the environment and relationships around him. If urgent needs are not met, the child develops a tendency to mistrust.

One to three years is a period of autonomy versus shame and doubt. The child learns to be independent if they are encouraged to explore and understand their world. If restrictions are imposed on a child at this age, they develop a lack of self-confidence and begin to doubt their abilities for no reason.

The duration of the initiative varus guilt is three to six years. At this age children explore their surroundings and learn more from their experiences. If the child experiences unexpected results during these experiments, they may be guilty of guilt or guilt.

The last stage of childhood is industry versus inferiority which lasts from six to twelve years. At this stage children learn to read and write and other skills. The child tries to do or learn a job or skill that is appreciated. With parental support, children further master their skills which are useful to them in future competitions and they feel inferior and frustrated instead of failing.

The journey from childhood to adolescence is a period of identity versus role confusion. At this stage, the individual determines his role in the eyes of himself and society. Matching with others depended on their ideological foundations. At this stage, the individual stays away from his ideological opponent or from those with whom his ideology does not match until the individual is comfortable in the company of his opponent.

Eighteen to forty years is the period of intimacy versus isolation. The individual determines his place in society and establishes relationships with others in addition to family relationships. Success at this stage promotes healthy relationships and relationships while failure pushes the individual towards isolation.

The period from forty to eighty years is generativity versus stagnation. The individual establishes his unique role in society, educating his children and others. Failure to do so or failing to do so can lead to feelings of worthlessness.

Sixty-five years later is the era of integrity versus despair. The individual summarizes his past and determines his value and role between society and relationships.

Erickson believes that dissatisfaction at this stage leads to depression and a sense of need ...