Prepositions
_______ the difference in their ages Nina and Den are very happy with each other.
In connection with
**Despite**
Because of
Athough
It is correct to say 'despite'.
It's sunny. Why are you carrying an umbrella? - Just __ case
**in**
at
on
for
It is correct to say 'in case'.
Alex was sleeping ______ the lecture.
with
during
by
for
We should use 'during' in the meaning of 'within a certain period'
Jessica is only 6 but she has already learned a few poems ___ heart.
by
in
at
on
'By heart' means 'to memorize by rot, word for word'.
Ella entered the room and smiled ______ Jose.
on
in
for
at
It is correct to say 'smile at somebody'
I'm so angry that my parents decided _______ buying a dog. I want it so much!
on
over
from
against
When we take a negative decision we 'decide against' something.
My brother rejoiced ___ hearing the news.
on
at
from
for
It is correct to say 'rejoice at something'.
The club succeeded ___ winning the championship.
on
at
in
for
It is correct to say 'succeed in'.
A case of a rare, brain-destroying amoeba has been confirmed in Florida.
The Florida Department of Health on Friday announced the confirmed case of Naegleria fowleri — a microscopic single-celled amoeba that can infect and destroy the brain. It's usually fatal, the DOH said.
Since 1962, there have only been 37 reported cases of the amoeba in Florida. This one was found in Hillsborough County, though the DOH did not give any further details.
Naegleria fowleri is typically found in warm freshwater like lakes, rivers and ponds. The DOH has cautioned people who swim in those freshwater sources to be aware of the amoeba's possible presence, particularly when the water is warm.
"Adverse health effects on humans can be prevented by avoiding nasal contact with the waters, since the amoeba enters through nasal passages," the DOH said.
The DOH recommended people avoid bodies of warm freshwater around power plants and shallow fresh water during periods of high water temperature. They should pinch their nose when playing in warm freshwater.
The DOH also noted that you could possibly be exposed to the amoeba through a neti pot when rinsing congested sinuses.
"Use only boiled and cooled, distilled, or sterile water for making sinus rinse solutions for neti pots or performing ritual ablutions," it said.
In the US, there have been 143 known infected cases of the amoeba, according to the Florida DOH. Only four have survived.
*This story was first published on CNN.com,* *"A rare case of brain-destroying amoeba has been confirmed in Florida"* https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/04/us/naegleria-fowleri-case-florida-trnd/index.html
Simple Future Tense
Simple Future Tense
The simple future refers to a time later than now, and expresses facts or certainty. It indicates that an action is in the future relative to the speaker or writer .
General form:
Subject + shall / will + root verb
I / we -shall + root verb
He / She / It / all singular subjects -will + root verb
You / They / all plural subjects
Rule 1:
The simple future tense is used to express an action that will take place in the future time.
Example:
✤We shall buy a TV. Next month.
✤You will know the result in a week.
✤The novelist will complete his book next month.
✤She will finish her studies next year.
✤They will leave for Delhi tonight.
✤The population of our country will increase in the next ten years.
Rule 2
The simple future tense is used to predict a future event
Example:
✤It will rain tomorrow.
Rule 3:
The simple future tense is used to express willingness
Example:
✤I'll do the washing-up.
✤He'll carry your bag for you.
Rule 4:
Usage of 'Shall'
In the interrogative sentence, 'shall' is usually used
✤to make an offer
✤to ask for an advice or instructions
✤to make a suggestion
Examples:
✤Shall I open the window?
✤Shall we go to the cinema tonight?
✤What shall I tell the boss about this money?
Rule 5:
Usage of 'Will'
In an affirmative sentence, 'will' is usually used
✤in promises
✤to do something voluntarily
✤to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help
✤to request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us
Examples:
✤I will send you the information when I get it.
✤I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
✤Will you help me move this heavy table?
✤Will you make dinner?
In a negative sentence, 'Will' is usually used to refuse to voluntarily do something.
✤I will not do your homework for you.
✤I won't do all the housework myself
Keywords:
✓Tomorrow
✓In future
✓Next week
✓Early
✓Next month
✓Next year
✓On next Monday
✓Soon
✓In a few minutes
✓Shortly
✓In the coming days
✓In2005
✓Later
✓Here after
✓Today evening
✓In a little time
✓In the years to come
✓Within a week
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Grammatical Examination
Nicki left Peter and returned to Seattle. Now she lives by ________ .
hers
she
her
herself
By herself' means 'alone'. We cannot use any other form of a pronoun in this phrase.
Jake said that he saw Jessica Alba ______ in the street.
yourself
itself
himself
herself
We use here 'herself' to show the importance of an object. In this sentence we mean that the fact of meeting a certain person - Jessica Alba - was very important for Jake. 'Himself' does not relate to the meaning.
Is there _______ who can speak Italian?
everybody
nobody
somebody
anybody
Everybody' and 'nobody' do not relate to the meaning of the sentence. 'Anybody' is used in interrogative sentences, while 'somebody' is used in affirmative sentences.
Grammar
Pronouns
If someone comes tell ______ to wait for a while.
he
her
him
**them**
Cambridge and Oxford grammarians say that we often use the plural pronouns ‘they’, ‘them’, ‘their’ etc., to refer back to (singular) someone or somebody when we do not know if the person is male or female, despite the fact that they are referring back to a singular noun: Never judge someone by the way they look.; A researcher has to be completely objective in their findings.; Someone has forgotten their handbag. Or we can say ‘Never judge someone by the way he or she looks.’; A researcher has to be completely objective in his or her findings.; Someone has forgotten his or her handbag. Some people object to the use of plural pronouns in this type of situation on the grounds that it’s ungrammatical. In fact, the use of plural pronouns to refer back to a singular subject isn’t new - it dates back to the 16 th century and now it’s common in current English and it is now widely accepted. The American Heritage College Dictionary’ recommends to use ‘he or she’ when you are writing a formal document.In the test sentence ‘If someone comes tell ____ **to wait for a while.’ that is the example of the oral speech we need to choose the pronoun that is the object of the sentence: ‘…tell (whom?)** ____ to wait…’. Therefore, we need to choose ANSWER 4 (them).
Random Grammar Exam
Bob was reading a book while the children ____________ (to sleep).
were sleeping
slept
had been sleeping
had slept
We use the Past Continuous Tense when we talk about two or more simultaneous actions in the past. We use the auxiliary verb 'were' for plural forms of nouns.
I wanted to go for a walk but I'm too tired to do something today. I ____________ (to stay) at home and watch TV.
am going to stay
will be staying
am to stay
stay
If we have a plan, ambition or intention to do something in the future we use 'be going to’. If we choose ANSWER 1 (am going to stay), we create the context that the speaker has future intentions that have been decided but have not been fully planned (referring to the past decision) that is expressed by the construction ‘be going to’.
Grammar Test - Modal Verbs
`Carol is very ill. She _____________ take medicines every day.`
can
may
must
might
**Correct Answer: Must**
**Explanation**:
*We use the modal verb 'must' when we talk about duties or when it is necessary to do something.*
`Pupils __________ wear a school uniform in some countries.`
can
may
have to
might
***Correct Answer: have to***
Explanation:
`We use the modal verb 'have to' when it is not our idea to do something, when we are forced to do something by somebody or by circumstances.`
Test Your Grammar
RELATIVE CLAUSES
**Andy has a friend _______ is a student**.
whose
which
that
whom
Correct Answer: 3. That
**Explanation**
Relative pronouns wh**o, whose, which, that or whom introduce a relative clause. Relative clauses give us more information about someone or something (the subject or object of a main clause), help us combine clauses without repeating information and give focus to something or someone: She bought a dress, which is rather pretty. By combining sentences with a relative clause, we make our speech more fluent.‘Whose’ is used to say that something or someone is connected with or belongs to a person, so,‘whose’ is for possession and possessions: She has a sister whose name I can’t remember. We use ‘which’ for things and animals: We don’t go to restaurants which serve meat.; Do you see that cat which is lying on the bench?. We use ‘whom’ (more formal) for people: I was invited to Isabel whom I had met at the conference. And we use ‘that’ for people, animals and things: The woman that is dancing over there is my boss.; I am reading the book that is on the arm-chair.; A kiwi is a bird that lives in New Zealand. ‘That’ is more informal than ‘who’, ‘whom’ or ‘which’.In the test sentence ‘Andy has a friend _____** ****is a student.’ we need to choose a relative pronoun that is used for people, because in the relative clause of the test sentence we are told more about the object of the main clause – a friend (a person). In the relative clause it becomes the subject ‘…******_____ is a student.’,thus, we need to choose the relative pronoun that can function as the subject in the test sentence.Two test answers ‘whom’ and ‘that’ are used for describing people. ‘Whom’ introduces objects.Therefore, we choose the relative pronoun ‘that’ that can function both as the object and the subject -ANSWER 3. By using the relative pronoun ‘that’, we avoid repeating the noun ‘friend’ in the relative clause.**
Grammar Test
I created also a REPORTED SPEECH text based on what I read in English Grammar test Exam
**Paul: "When does the train arrive?"**
***Paul asked when the train arrived.(correct answer)***
Paul asked when did the train arrive.
Paul asked when had the train arrived.
Paul asked when the train did arrive.
Explanation:
When we report a question (Paul: "When does the train arrive?"), we change the word order of the question – we turn it into the statement. In other words, there is no inversion of the subject and auxiliary in the reported clause (the word order is the same as in the statement).Speech reports consist of two parts: the reporting clause and the reported clause. When we report Wh- questions we repeat the original question word - in the test sentence it is ‘When…’, but we don’t use a question mark. We make the same changes in tense, pronouns and time and place words as for reported statements. If the reporting clause is in the simple past, we usually need to change the tenses in the reported clause: Monica asked: “When does George arrive in London?” → (1. the reporting clause) Monica asked: (2. the reported clause) when George arrived in London. Due to the rules, the present simple tense usually turns into the past simple tense in reported speech.In all the test variants the reporting clause is in the past: ‘Paul asked…’, therefore, we need to change the present simple into the past simple tense in the reported clause: ‘does… arrive’ (Wh-question) →‘arrived’ (statement word order). Thus, we are to choose ANSWER 1.We should add that it is not always necessary to change the tense. If something is still true now – the train is still to arrive – we can use the present simple (train time-table) in the reported sentence. But in the test the variant ‘Monica asks/asked when the train arrives.’ is not given.
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