Extinction Of Dinosaurs: The final Chapter
In this chapter i'll end my article about the dinosaurs. Hope i may write about the histoty and physical behaviour of them some other day.
In this last chapter i want to introduce to you some of the famous Dinosaurs Skeleton around the world Museum. I wish you have already saw these earlier.
Still a Theory
Paleontology remains a competitive discipline even though its central mystery appears to have been solved. Agreement over dinosaur extinction is far from unanimous, and fossils continue to be found that add to the body of knowledge about how the dinosaurs lived and died. Only recently have birds been identified as descendants of the dinosaurs, and theories regarding dinosaur intelligence and behavior continue to change. Even long-established truths such as dinosaurs’ cold-bloodedness are open for debate. The climate change theory still holds sway over some scientists, who refute that the Chicxulub impact was the sole cause of the extinction. Evidence from the 65-million-year-old lava flows in India hint that a giant, gaseous volcanic plume might have initiated global climate change that threatened the dinosaurs. Scientists’ continued research will help paint a more detailed picture of the ever-changing, ever-evolving planet.
How was the article!! Please give your feed back. One question for all of you.
What do you think if the dinosaurs get back to this planet? Is there any chance of their arrival? Stay tuned.....
What was the reason for the Extinction of Dinosaur? (Part-2)
So beginning from the last articles about the extinction of the dinosaur. The suspensions are still vibrating i guess!! Lets start.
For many years, climate change was the most credible explanation for the dinosaurs’ demise. Dinosaurs thrived in the planet’s consistently humid, tropical climate. But in the late Mesozoic Era that corresponds with the extinction of the dinosaurs, evidence shows that the planet slowly became cooler. Lower temperatures caused ice to form over the North and South poles and the oceans to become colder. Because the dinosaurs were cold-blooded–meaning they obtained body heat from the sun and the air–they would not have been able to survive in significantly colder climates. Yet some species of cold-blooded animals, such as crocodiles, did manage to survive. Also, climate change would have taken tens of thousands of years, giving the dinosaurs sufficient time to adapt.
It Came From Outer Space
In 1956, Russian astronomer Joseph Shklovsky (1916-85) became the first scientist to consider the extinction was due to a single catastrophic event when he theorized that a supernova (the explosion of a dying star) showered the earth in radiation that could have killed the dinosaurs. Once again, the problem with the theory was explaining why dinosaurs died out and other species did not. Also, scientists said that such an event would have left evidence on the surface of the earth–trace amounts of radiation dating back to the Cretaceous Period. None was found.
Then Luis Alvarez, a Nobel Prize-winning physicist, inventor and pioneer in the field of radiation and nuclear research. He and his son, noted geologist Walter Alvarez, were conducting research in Italy when they discovered a centimeter-thick layer of iridium-enriched clay at the K-T boundary. Iridium is rare on earth, but more common in space. The Alvarezes published their findings in 1981, postulating that the thin layer of iridium was deposited following the impact of a large meteor, comet or asteroid with the earth. Furthermore, this bolide impact (the meteor, comet or asteroid colliding with the earth’s surface) could have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. At the time, the Alvarez theory was so far removed from prevailing hypotheses that it was ridiculed. Slowly, though, other scientists began finding iridium evidence at various places around the globe that corroborated the Alvarez theory. There was, however, no smoking gun in the form of an impact site.
Then in 1991, a massive meteor crater 110 miles in diameter was discovered on the edge of the Yacata Peninsula, extending into the Gulf of Mexico. The Chicxulub Crater, as it was dubbed, was named for a nearby village. Scientists believe the bolide that formed it was roughly 6 miles in diameter, struck the earth at 40,000 miles per hour and released 2 million times more energy than the most powerful nuclear bomb ever detonated. The heat would have broiled the earth’s surface, ignited wildfires worldwide and plunged the planet into darkness as debris clouded the atmosphere. Miles-high tsunamis would have washed over the continents, drowning many forms of life. Shock waves would have triggered earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
The resulting darkness could have lasted for months, possibly years. It would have plunged the earth’s temperatures into the freezing zone, killing plants and leaving herbivores with nothing to eat. Many dinosaurs would have died within weeks. The carnivores who feasted on the herbivores would have died a month or two later. Overall, the loss of biodiversity would have been tremendous. Only small scavenging mammals that could burrow into the ground and eat whatever remained would have survived. The iridium layer plus the Chicxulub Crater were evidence enough to convince many scientists that the bolide impact theory was credible. It explained much of what previous theories could not.
So i'm not realising the finishing part yet. Keep an eye in the following articles..
To be continue.....
What was the reason for the extinction of Dinosaurs?(Part-1)
**Dinosaurs** are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade **Dinosauria**. They first appeared during the Triassic period, between 243 and 233.23 million years ago, although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosours is the subject of active research. They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after the Triassic-Jurassic Extincition event 201.3 million years ago; their dominance continued through the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.
The Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event, or the K-T event, is the name given to the die-off of the dinosaurs and other species that took place some 65.5 million years ago. For many years, paleontologists believed this event was caused by climate and geological changes that interrupted the dinosaurs’ food supply. However, in the 1980s, father-and-son scientists Luis (1911-88) and Walter Alvarez (1940-) discovered in the geological record a distinct layer of iridium–an element found in abundance only in space–that corresponds to the precise time the dinosaurs died. This suggests that a comet, asteroid or meteor impact event may have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. In the 1990s, scientists located the massive Chicxulub Crater at the tip of Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula, which dates to the period in question.
Dinosaurs roamed the Earth for 160 million years untill their sudden dimense about some 65.5 million years ago, in an event now known as the Cretaceous-Tertiary, or K-T, extinction event. (“K” is the abbreviation for Cretaceous, which is associated with the German word “Kreidezeit.”) Besides dinosaurs, many other species of mammals, amphibians and plants died out at the same time. Over the years, paleontologists have proposed several theories for this extensive die-off. One early theory was that small mammals ate dinosaur eggs, thereby reducing the dinosaur population until it became unsustainable. Another theory was that dinosaurs’ bodies became too big to be operated by their small brains. Some scientists believed a great plague decimated the dinosaur population and then spread to the animals that feasted on their carcasses. Starvation was another possibility: Large dinosaurs required vast amounts of food and could have stripped bare all the vegetation in their habitat. But many of these theories are easily dismissed. If dinosaurs’ brains were too small to be adaptive, they would not have flourished for 160 million years. Also, plants do not have brains nor do they suffer from the same diseases as animals, so their simultaneous extinction makes these theories less plausible.
Though the K-T extinction was not the first such massive die-off in history, nor was it the largest. The permian triassic extinction event, known as the great dying occurred 251.4 million years ago and eradicated 96% of all marine species and 70% of all Terrestrial vertebrates species on Earth.
To be Continue....
What is Perovskite Materials!!
Imagine a material acting as conductor, semi-conductor and insulator!! 3 in 1. Isn't it interesting? Can it be possible?? Yes of course. Perovskite materials are the one that be used as conductor, semi-conductor and insulator. This materials well known for their vast use to make the efficient solar cells. It is one of the interesting findings in 21st centuries.
What an iconic invention it is!!
As i am a student of Physics and recently researching with the perovskite materials, sometimes i'll express my ideas about perovskite materials which i personally named as materials of wonder!!
Today i'll talk about the defination and basic structure of this highly complicated compound materials. I'll try my best to to write as simply as possible so that all can find interest.
A **perovskite** is any material with the same type of cryatal structure as Calcium Titanium Oxide(CaTiO3), known as the *perovskite structure*. Perovskites are considered as the minerals which was first discovered in the Ural mountains of Russia by Gustav Rose in 1839 and is named after Russian mineralogist L.A Perovski (1792–1856).
The general chemical formula for perovskite compounds is ABX3, where 'A' and 'B' are two Cations (positively charged atoms) of very different sizes, and X is an anions (negatively charged atoms) that bonds to both. The 'A' atoms are larger than the 'B' atoms. The ideal cubic structure has the B cations in 6-fold coordination, surrounded by an octahedron of anions, and the A cation in 12-fold coordination.
The substitution of different cations into A and B position is also possible and these so called complex perovskite may have ordered and disordered variants.
Some of the perovskite materials are LaCo3, LaMn
Thats all the simple defination of Perovskites. I'll try to state the applications of those materials in some another day in future.
LinkedIn: Tool for Sourcing.
As you all know linkedin is a Subsidiary Business and Online oriented online service that operates via web site and mobile apps launched 5 May, 2003. Mainly Microsoft Corporation is leading this service. It is mainly used for Professional networking , including employers posting jobs and job seekers posting their CVs. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_network
Now there are 660+ Million members attached with this site all over the world.
Whenever we spoke of social media and careers, the name that glimpse to our mind is LinkedIn. This vast professional network is the go-to platform for Job recruitmen. Currently, there are more than 1 million users only in Banglades. This is a massive advantage for recruiting companies if they play their cards right.
The business can use LinkedIn in several ways; the most preferred method being the company page since its free of cost. For instance, due to its extensive number of followers, Unilever can share updates with them so that these followers can apply or recommend people for the job. If you want to have a more subtle approach, you should try running a group around a topic, which serves as discussion forums as well as a place for peers to exchange a word. Applicants usually look at the business's employee profile before applyin. Accordingly companies should make sure that the emoloyee's profile reflect what the company has to offer.
Sundarbans, the ultimate savior of Bangladesh
Sundarbans is well known as the largest mangrove forest in the World, which is in delta formed by the confluence of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers in the Bay of Bengal. It mainly located at the Khulna, Bagerhat, Satkhir, Patuakhal and Barguna. Bangladesh and India jointly share the unique mangrove forest, with 6,017sqkm in Bangladesh.
UNESCO has recognised Sundarbans as the World Heritage Site in 6 December, 1997. Also Sundarbans is considered as the 14th Natural Wonder.
Cyclone Amphan has already involves its cataclysm in Northern side of Bangladesh and Eastern side of India. Irreplaceable damage has been done throughout the Kolkata, India. It could also be a great disaster for Bangladesh as Sundarbans deterred the devasting effect of Amphan.
The Sundarbans have once again proved to be the key saviour of the country in times of natural calamity as the mangrove forest absorbed the fury of the Cyclone, much as it had done before with similar catastrophe of nature.
The forest is a gift of nature to Bangladesh as it acts like a wall whenever a severe cyclone hits the country, said green campaigners, forest and biodiversity experts, urging the government to halt all kinds of economic and commercial activities in and around the Sundarbans.
It could not be immediately ascertained how much damage the forest had sustained as it absorbed the worst of Amphan.
The acting chief conservator of forest (CCF) stated that they have evacuted all staff from nine offices located near the coatal area.
The Forest Department has also asked all honey collectors who could not return from their excursion to take shelter in nearby offices.
The Department will start their investigation for the damage within a day or two. Hoping for a quick recover from the damage has been done to the Sundarbans. May, Sundarbans become green again and the Animals get back their beloved habitats.
Pink Floyd, A name of Ecstasy.
Music!! The joy of our heart and mind. Pink Floyd is one of the name that comes when "Music", the word has been uttered. One of the most favourite English Rock Band in the rock band Group.
They released many albums. Among of them 'The Wall' is greatly touched the piblic eye.
The band was formed in 1965. Its considered as the psychedelic rock group. They are distinguished for their extended compositions, sonic experimentations, philosophical lyrics and elaborate live shows and has become one of the leading bands in progressive rock genre. They are one of the most commercially successful band in recent years.
Another brick in the wall(part 2), Wish you were here, Comfortably numb, The great gig in the sky, High hopes, Dogs, Breathe, Time, Echoes, Have a ciger. Ahh all those many heart banging songs!! Those are like gifts of the gab in my life that acts like delightful.
Although their songs are much more complex in comparison with Beatles or Led Zeppelin as those bands are from the same time as a result Pink Floyd by no means an overrated band. But it is upto the mark. And of course sophisticated one!!
Pink Floyd's 'The Dark Side of The Moon' and 'The Wall' are two of the best selling albums of all time.
So lets not elaborate more today. Hope i'll come with some more in next.
Ending with one of my favourite the lyrics.
The Grass was greener
The Light was brighter
When friend surrounde
The nights of wonder...
Wishing the world become like this lyrics very soon. 💙
@Anikacj
