@Darian 17 December 2021 more from that month

早安阿各位噪咖 趁著無聊的開會時間，來個狗狗行為小科普吧 文超級長，請慎入 原文來自Whole Dog Journal WDJ https://reurl.cc/0x764b Dog Growling is a Good Thing! Dogs growl for a number of reasons -- and you should be thankful that they do! 狗狗低吼是件好事？沒錯！ growling，就是低吼、咆哮 這種又分為很多種 1. Play Growl---玩耍時的低吼 2. “Talking” Growl---跟小孽畜一樣啊嗚啊嗚傲傲碎念 3. Alert Growl---警示的低吼，像是外面有陌生人的警告聲 4. Warning Growl---警告的低吼，當威脅是針對狗狗本身的時候 前三種就不贅述，這次重點要談Warning Growl 如果狗狗感到（心理上）不舒服 通常會向人類或另一隻狗發出警告性的咆哮 重要的是要了解，發出警告是一件好事！ Dogs will usually issue a warning growl to humans or another dog if they are uncomfortable. It’s important to understand that a warning is a good thing! 首先大家必須要瞭解到，狗通常不會想用暴力解決事情 狗是一種社會性/群體性的動物，而之所以成為這樣，是因為成員傾向避免使用暴力 因此發展了一種交流方式，來避免暴力場面的發生 發出侵略信號的行為首先是為了警告 不想咬人或打架的狗會盡最大努力讓威脅走開 包括了使用一些所謂安定訊號--身體緊繃、尾巴僵硬地搖擺、凝視等等 （對於安定訊號有興趣的話，之後再來講講這部分） Most dogs don’t want to bite or fight. Social groups work because members tend to avoid violence, so a system of communication develops to facilitate avoidance of aggression. The behaviors that signal pending aggression are intended, first and foremost, to warn away a threat. The dog who doesn’t want to bite or fight tries his hardest to make you go away. He may begin with subtle signs of discomfort that are often overlooked by many humans – tension in his body movements, a stiffly wagging tail, a freeze, and hard stare. 如果忽略這些信號並繼續侵入他的舒適區 狗狗的威脅可能會加劇 如果這些都被忽視，他可能會變得更加緊繃、出現用鼻子/頭撞你、往前衝、以及類似空咬的行為 如果威脅源再忽視這些行為而繼續靠近，咬傷的事件就會發生了 If you ignore those signals and continue to invade his comfort zone, his threats may intensify, with more tension, a hard stare, and a low growl. If those are ignored, he may become more insistent, with an air snap, a bump of the nose (called a “muzzle punch”), or even open-mouth contact that closes gently on your hand or arm but doesn’t break skin. If that doesn’t succeed in convincing you to leave, or to stop whatever you are doing that’s worrying him, the dog may feel compelled to bite hard enough to break skin in his efforts to protect himself, his territory, members of his social group, or other valuable resources. 攻擊性是由壓力引起的 壓力源可能與疼痛、恐懼、侵入、對資源的威脅以及過去對這些事情的聯想或預期有關。 （請參閱(See “Understanding Aggression in Dogs,” WDJ October 2010.） 自信的狗會表現出攻擊性，因為當另一隻狗或人類闖入他的領地時，他會感到壓力。 一隻害怕的狗咬人是因為他對人類的接近感到壓力。 一隻受傷的狗咬了救援者，因為他因疼痛而感到壓力。 Aggression is caused by stress. The stressor may be related to pain, fear, intrusion, threats to resources, and past association or anticipation of any of these things. (See “Understanding Aggression in Dogs,” WDJ October 2010.) An assertive dog acts aggressively because he’s stressed by the intrusion of another dog or human into his territory. A fearful dog bites because he’s stressed by the approach of a human. An injured dog lacerates the hand of his rescuer because he’s stressed by pain. 許多不了解上述情況的人可能對咆哮反應過度 問題是未能理解警告咆哮是一件非常好的事情：這意味著狗狗正在盡力避免對你使用暴力 在這種情況下，適當反應是確定是什麼讓狗如此不舒服，並消除壓力源 這樣他就不會覺得被迫咬人 Lots of humans who understand that the above-described growling situations don’t indicate aggression may still overreact to a growl that clearly is a warning and a possible precursor to aggression. The problem here is a failure to understand that a warning growl is a really good thing; it means he is doing his best to not bite you. The appropriate human response, in this case, is to quickly determine what is making the dog so uncomfortable, and remove the stressor so he doesn’t feel compelled to bite. 不幸的是，人類對咆哮的普遍反應是覺得被冒犯 不少飼主頓時覺得：“你好大的膽子，居然敢吼我！！” 他們抓住狗的項圈，打他，和/或對狗施以被老派養狗法誤導的的alpha roll（將狗翻倒在地、強迫他翻肚） 在某些情況下，狗可能會被嚇得閉嘴 但在更多情況下，狗會被迫出現咬人的攻擊行為 Unfortunately, the all-too-common human response to growling is to take offense. Many owners immediately think, “How dare you growl at me!!” They grab the dog’s collar, smack him, and/or thrown him on the ground in a misguided “alpha roll.” In some cases, the dog might be intimidated into silence, but in many cases, the punished dog will be pushed into biting the very human he was trying hard not to bite. 懲罰咆哮似乎是個直覺性的行為 咆哮會導致咬人，咬人的狗經常被安樂死 所以讓我們常常在在出現不當行為的第一個跡象時就懲罰 這似乎是有道理的，但是當對犬類的攻擊性有了更深入的了解時，就很容易理解為什麼這樣做是錯的 It can seem intuitive to punish growling. Growling leads to biting, and dogs who bite people often are euthanized, so let’s save our dog’s life by punishing him at the first sign of inappropriate behavior. I can see how it seems to make sense, but when you have a deeper understanding of canine aggression, it’s easy to understand why it’s always the absolute wrong thing to do. 是時候改變你的想法了。 警告的咆哮是狗的求救聲 這是你的狗告訴你他不能容忍某種情況的方式—— 就好像他在說，“我承受不了，請讓我離開這個狀況！” 不要讓事情變得更糟，而是要注意警告，幫助您的狗擺脫導致他不適的情況 並採取行為矯正措施來幫助他更適應壓力源。 下次你的狗咆哮時，不要驚慌。只需確定它是哪種咆哮，並做出適當的反應 It’s time to change your thinking. A warning growl is a dog’s cry for help. It’s your dog’s way of telling you he can’t tolerate a situation – as if he’s saying, “I can’t handle this, please get me out of here!” Instead of making things worse, heed the warning. Help your dog out of the situation that’s causing him discomfort, and take behavior modification steps to help him become more comfortable with the stressor. The next time your dog growls, don’t panic. Just determine what kind of growl it is, and respond appropriately 以上所謂壓力源其實不只針對人，也針對其他的狗 尤其是現在很多家犬因為社會化不佳，導致看不懂其他狗狗的身體訊號 （也就是所謂白目） 而如果飼主沒注意，就可能讓狗與狗之間的衝突激烈化、進而導致狗狗之後對其他狗的不友善行為加劇 附上就是因為遇到太多白目狗/飼主而導致對其他狗不友善的我女透抽