Mysteries in Biology : Can We Be Immortal?
Why do we have to die? Not only humans, all animals and plants will eventually die. Uniquely, we still don't understand biologically why we have to age and eventually die. Maybe our DNA is not perfect so that over time it is damaged and can't work anymore, so that over time our body condition will weaken and eventually die.
But strangely, not all creatures can age and die. There are even living things that could in theory live forever. How can? And who is she?
Okay, let's talk about humans first. Is there any human who can live forever? Actually there is. That human figure was called Henrietta Lacks, or at least a part of him. So the story goes like this. Henrietta Lacks was a black woman who had cancer and died in 1951. After she died, the doctors took her cancer cells and then cultured them (in other words, kept them) and the cancer cells are STILL ALIVE! These cancer cells (called He-La) were used for the discovery of the polio vaccine. Because they are still alive after 70 years of the death of their owner, maybe even continue to live as long as they are maintained, these cancer cells are considered to be able to live forever.
And For Animals. Throughout history, the animal that broke the record for longevity was a type of clam called the species Arctica islandica which can live for 500 years. Wow! But don't rush to be amazed just yet. Some live longer, they can even live forever. What animal is it?
This animal is a type of jellyfish named the species Turritopsis nutricula. Why are they said to be immortal? First, let me tell you first, jellyfish have two stages in life. The first stage is the young stage, where the jellyfish will stick to the seabed and form polyps. The second stage is the adult stage (the stage we usually see in the sea) where he can swim freely in search of a mate. This stage is called the medusa stage.
Well, the peculiarity of this jellyfish is that, after reaching old age (in the form of a medusa), it can return to a young age (by switching to the polyp stage) and then repeating its life cycle again. In other words, if they wanted to, these jellyfish could live forever.
However, this does not mean that this type of jellyfish cannot die. These jellyfish do not continue to have super abilities. If only he was sick or eaten by another creature, he could die.
Wow, if we've found a creature that can live eternally, why not just research it? Who knows, we can make an "immortality extract" serum from that jellyfish or transfer its genes to humans so they can live forever. So we can be like a beautiful vampire in a movie.
But instead of being a beautiful vampire it would be like this!
Mysteries in Biology: Do Animals Predict Earthquakes?
The video below, taken ahead of the earthquake in Japan, raises the old question, do animals really have the instinct to predict earthquakes?
https://youtu.be/wmOmIrsZQk0
Since 373 BC, historians of ancient Greece have long suspected that animals could predict earthquakes. At that time, residents reported that wild animals such as rats, snakes and squirrels left the town of Helice, just days before the city was rocked by an earthquake. The ancient Japanese people also believed that when an earthquake would occur, the catfish would panic. This was further proven in 1855 and 1923 in Edo (now Tokyo) where before the earthquake, catfish were seen behaving strangely by swimming to the surface of ponds and rivers.
In 1975, the Chinese government evacuated the city of Haicheng when it saw a snake (which was hibernating in the middle of winter in the ground) gathering out of its hiding place to escape. Shortly thereafter, the area was rocked by an earthquake measuring 7.3 on the Ritcher scale. A year later, in 1976 another earthquake rocked the city of Tangshan and killed nearly 700,000 people. At that time there were actually reports of strange animal activity, but unfortunately due to the heated political situation at that time, the warning was ignored. In 2008, another earthquake in Mianyang was also thought to have occurred due to the massive migration of frogs before the disaster.
Not only that. A similar incident was recorded in Washington, United States in 2011 where zoo animals were reportedly nervous and panicked, especially primates who suddenly climbed trees in the seconds before the earthquake rocked and the slow loris continued to scream. Earlier, in 1989, a geologist named Jim Berkland managed to predict an earthquake in California after he saw the news in the newspaper that many pet owners reported that their cats and dogs were missing, possibly having fled to escape the disaster.
But the growing body of evidence still doesn't lead scientists to truly believe that animals can predict earthquakes. The reason is, the mechanism is not yet known. In contrast to volcanoes that give off signals before they erupt (such as an increase in ground temperature or a loud rumbling sound), earthquakes do not give a signal because they occur very instantaneously. And not only that, scientists are also afraid of issuing false alarms if only their observations depend on animal behavior. The reason is, animals can panic for various reasons, such as seeing predators, getting sick, stressed, afraid, and so on.
But is it true that animal instincts and senses can predict a disaster? Further research on this topic could possibly save many lives.
Existential Crisis : Matrioshka Brain
If you've read my previous posts then take a look at this amazing super-computer concept called the Matrioshka Brain. What's bigger than Jupiter? Sun of course. What if we turned the Sun into a supercomputer energy source and made that computer so that it reaches the orbits of a planet, like Earth or even Neptune? What can he do?
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Okay guys, I hope you guys remember the previous discussion about the Kardashev Scale, you know, the scales of an alien civilization from the simplest to the most sophisticated. In his theory, Nikolai Kardashev limits the types of alien civilizations to 3, namely Type 1 (Planet), Type 2 (Star), and Type 3 (Galactic). The more advanced the type of civilization, the more sophisticated the technology, even capable of interstellar travel in outer space. However, Michio Kaku, an expert on String Theory, believes there are two further types, namely Type 4 (Universe) and Type 5 (Multiverse).
It might be hard for us to wonder if humans can reach Level 4 or 5. After all, with our current technology, we are only ordained in the Type 0.7 (not even 1) position. But the question now is, what if humans are actually superpowers that have reached Type 4, even 5?
So hard to believe. But if you understand Simulation Theory which I described in the previous two posts, then it shouldn't be too difficult to digest my previous statement. Let's just say that we are actually the "ancestors" or ancestors of mankind who have reached the "post-human" stage. First of all, let me explain the stages if you are still having trouble accepting the "post-human" concept.
Our bodies now (as humans) are still limited by flesh that is fragile and vulnerable. Someday, if we have reached the advanced technology (maybe Type 1, 2, or 3), we might be able to modify our bodies to make them "durable", the term is "trans-human". For example, we can manipulate our genetics or even combine our bodies with machines (become "cyborgs") in order to live as long as possible. If we have reached the “post-human” stage (Type 3 and above, perhaps) then we will no longer be limited by our flesh and blood bodies. We will reach a stage where all that remains is our consciousness and intelligence, without the need for a physical body.
If we reach the post-human stage, what will we do? What can be a "marker" of how sophisticated our technology is to prove that we have reached the highest level? The answer is to create a very smart computer that is even smarter than a giant computer. We would call it the "Matrioshka Brain" and it could be said that if we could create it, it would be the pinnacle of our technological glory. Matrioshka's brain will be our "End Game", because we won't be able to create anything more advanced and sophisticated out of it. Computers may be so sophisticated that they can answer even the most difficult questions, such as does God exist?
**But what is Matrioshka Brain?**
If we have reached Level 2, according to Freeman Dyson's theory, we will be able to build a "Dyson Sphere" (I explained in the previous article). But the question may arise, if we can make a Dyson Sphere that can harvest all the energy that comes out of the sun, what with that much energy?
In 2008, a physicist named Robert Bradbury came up with the idea to build a giant supercomputer called the Matrioshka Brain around the Sun that is driven by energy emitted from stars. The trick is to "stack" several Dyson Spheres on top of the other Dyson Spheres so that layer by layer absorbs solar energy more efficiently, making it look like a Mathryoska doll. Mathryoska dolls are typical Russian dolls that can be superimposed on each other inside other dolls.
How many layers are there? but seriously, we can make Matrioshka Brain as thick as possible. In fact, the thicker it is, the more energy efficient it is, the more sophisticated it becomes. Because according to the plan, this Dyson Sphere will be made "hypothetical" (aka not yet discovered, like the nano robot in the previous episode) called "computronium". Each computing unit will become a computer which when connected to other computers will create a super sophisticated computer network.
If we, for example, want to get the Matrioshka Brain to reach Earth, then logically we must "get rid of" the planets Mercury and Venus, which are located between the Sun and Earth. But calm down, they won't "die" in vain, because we can use the materials on that planet as raw material for our Matrioshka Brains. We could even mine all the planets in our solar system and build a Matrioshka Brain to be called Pluto, so that we would build a computer the size of our Solar System.
But wait, if we covered the entire Sun with a Dyson Ball in layers, wouldn't Earth be affected? Sunlight won't reach Earth, we all die, right? Then, if we make Pluto, won't we also be destroyed? Our planet will be confined in it?
Well, because it is no longer a priority for mankind when it reaches the “post-human” stage. The ability of hyper-intelligent computers such as giant computers is already so powerful, especially computers as big as the sun, even the solar system. Would we use such a large computer if giant computers were able to predict the future?
The answer was, in the “post-human” sense, they were no longer trapped in their flesh and blood anymore. Only their consciousness and intelligence remains. The trick is to leave our old body and "join" the Matriohska Brain and live in it. Our "post-humans" will extract consciousness from our brains (with technology obviously we would have discovered it if we reached Level 4-5) and then upload it to a giant computer. In it, we are free to simulate whatever life we want. In this "virtual reality", we can live happily ever after without aging, until the universe is destroyed.
That possibility may feel "terrifying" to us. Will one day we be so desperate to live in the machine forever? Will our technological advances, no matter how advanced, still not make us happy? Or is it really our deepest desire to create the most advanced technology to free us from suffering?
Or another question, if we relate it to Simulation Theory, is our life a simulation of a "post-human" being whose consciousness is uploaded to the Matriohska Brain?
If indeed the answer to that question is "Yes", maybe other questions will come to your mind. If it is true that our life is a simulation, then why are we still suffering (maybe some are poor). If indeed post-humans want to live happily ever after, why do they even imitate us who are poor and in trouble.
To answer that we need to go back to 1974, less than five decades ago. At that time a philosopher named Robert Nozick wrote a book entitled "Anarchy, State, and Utopia" in which he conducted experiments. He asked several respondents this question. If he has a machine called "Experience Machine" where if "connected" to this machine, then you will enter into "virtual reality" and will be given a variety of hedonic experiences that satisfy body and soul. However, if you are already "connected" to this machine, then if you unplug it, you will die. That is, you can't get out of this machine forever. Would you? Or would you rather live in a reality where there is sadness and joy, there is happiness and there is sorrow?
It turns out that more people answered the second option. That is, hedonistic life is not the last wish of humans. They want "experiences," both joy and sorrow.
Robert's question may prove that humans want something "real" more than "fake." But we need to remember, that question arose 50 years ago when people were still suspicious of "virtual reality" technology. But what about now? Do you prefer "virtual world" to "real world"? Would you rather look at your phone than the person you are talking to? Even if we enter cyberspace, we can still be disappointed or hurt (if someone does something bad to us). But why are we still fixated on our gadgets if we really prefer the "real"?
Don't blame our "post-humans" if their only ancestor, us, is so "comfortable" living in cyberspace. Don't be surprised either by their decision to leave their bodies to unite with the Matriohska Brain and live forever in a virtual simulation. Perhaps, that way they could feel the millions of lives that their fragile bodies couldn't feel. And maybe your life is one of simulation.
Giant computer: Hyper Intelligent Computer Legends From The Future
Hello friend. How are you today? Hope everything will be fine. This time I want to continue yesterday's writing here https://read.cash/@AnsleyLivy/simulation-theory-what-if-our-life-is-just-a-simulation-75a0b138. So if you believe in Simulation Theory, which I explained in the previous article.
If previously we discussed Simulation Theory, then the question is, who or what is so sophisticated that can run simulations, not only our lives, but also the lives of all humans in this world? The answer may lie in the crazy idea of building a giant computer the size of the planet Jupiter. In 1999, Anders Sandberg, a "computational neuroscientist" came up with the idea.
He argues that given our current technology and curiosity, humans would want to create the perfect computer "perfect computer". This computer will certainly be very useful for us to answer questions that we do not currently have the answers to. Think of it like this, when we have a calculator, of course this tool is very useful for us, especially during math tests, to answer questions that we cannot calculate ourselves, such as 294657281: 6578. Then you work as a meteorologist for example and you wants to predict whether a storm will hit an island in a country. Then you run a weather simulation on your computer taking into account various factors like wind speed, humidity, etc.
Imagine something that is more difficult, for example, one day you can build a supercomputer that can predict when an earthquake will occur or when a volcano will erupt. Of course it will be very useful and can save many lives. But how do you build that perfect computer? Current technology trends tend to be smaller is better. We are more ambitious, even competing, to build a computer as small as possible, for reasons of practicality. But what if the direction is wrong?
Anders argues that if we make computers smaller, we will be hit by the laws of physics. Making a perfect computer means we have to increase our processing capabilities, speed, to accommodate more memory. If we shrink the size of the computer, we will be more and more limited. This is because in physics, there is a smallest measure called the Planck length unit of 1.6 x 10-35 meters, where it is impossible for us to build anything smaller than that because nothing in the universe is smaller than the Planck length. So the answer, we have to build computers to get bigger. Even the size of the planet Jupiter.
but if we can build a computer the size of Jupiter how do we build it? Who wants to be paid to float in space to build a computer that big? Well, in the future maybe we can find a nano machine that can replicate itself or a mini robot that can reproduce itself. But, is it as big as Jupiter? How can? Jupiter is 300x bigger than Earth?
If we could build a self-replicating nanotech robot, that would be enough. There is an anecdote that is "rice and chessboard". If in the first box we put 1 grain of rice, then in the second box 2 times, 2 grains of rice, then in the third box there are 4 grains of rice, the fourth box has 8 grains of rice, the fifth box is rice. 16 grains of rice, then in the last box there will be 9 thousand trillion grains of rice.
Now replace the rice grain analogy with a nano robot with a long name. If in one day a nano robot can produce it themselves in one day, then on the 2nd day there will be 2 robots, on the 3rd day there are 4 robots, on the 4th day there are 8 robots and so imagine how many robots are produced in a year, 2 years, 5 years, 10 years! Imagine the size when the robots merge into a giant computer.
One problem is resolved. But another problem arises, namely energy. Where do you want to plug it in? How big is the socket? Some people argue that this supercomputer can be electrocuted with nuclear energy. But there are actually other, more sensible sources of energy which I will explain later in the next article.
The Giant Computer is finally finished and ready to use. But now that we have successfully built a Giant Computer, the question is not what hyper smart computer we use, but what it can do.
To envision the true capabilities of a giant computer, we first need to explore what humans can do. The human brain is definitely the most complex part of our body and also the most sophisticated design. Our eyes have a resolution of 576 MP and all of that is processed in the brain. In short, all synapses (nerve cell junctions in the brain) are capable of processing 10 (16) -10 (17) operations or seconds. Meanwhile, super computers such as the Giant Computer are expected to be able to process 10 (42) operations or seconds. How important is that?
We imagine all the humans on this Earth. There are probably about 7.5 billion people living on Earth. How from the beginning of time? How many humans live in this world? It is estimated that there are 107 billion people who have been and are living in this world (we just round it to 100 billion, so it's not complicated). Think of it as their age or their average age who reaches 50 years. With these calculations we can estimate that since humans existed until now, there have been 10 (36) operations on the human brain, both those who are dead and those who are still alive today.
Everything that we have ever thought and thought about in the future, is combined with all the thoughts of everyone living on this earth now, plus the thoughts of everyone who has lived in this world and is now dead, in all worlds. Five continents for hundreds of thousands of years, all Thoughts, whether spoken or not, were 10 (36) operations, far less than the ability of a Giant Computer to run for a second. So you can imagine, a giant computer will be able to simulate the lives of everyone that has ever been created in this world in less than a second.
Imagine if he were given a minute, he was able to simulate not only the lives of everyone that had happened, but also all the possibilities if someone did something he had never done in his life. Imagine, he was able to simulate all the life in a parallel world that could exist, all in just a matter of minutes. Then what if we give him an hour? One day? So it is very possible, if our current life is a simulation like the sound of Simulation Theory, Giant Computers are running the simulation.
The existence of giant computers in the future clearly has many benefits for us. Giant computers will be able to read the future. Not only can he warn us of calamities on Earth, but he can predict cosmic catastrophes and threats from outer space. It will know to scan and detect life in other galaxies. He can predict other alien races (if any) will attack Earth. He will have a solution to all the problems we have.
But the scariest question is whether our current reality is really just a simulation in the minds of giant computers. Are you thinking about the Giant Computer? Or is the giant computer thinking of you, who is thinking about it?
The existence of a giant computer seems to challenge our existence, but don't worry. There are still other super computers that are more sophisticated with more powerful capabilities. Namely what if we turn our entire solar system into a computer?
Simulation Theory: What If Our Life Is Just A Simulation
This simulation theory was introduced to the general public through the Matrix movie trilogy. However, this Simulation Theory is clearly no longer a conspiracy involving mysterious man-made organizations, such as the Illuminati, Freemasons, or the New World Order. But furthermore, this conspiracy theory involves a mysterious entity whose power or intelligence resembles God.
Simulation Theory states that the life we live is not real. Our lives are actually computer simulations run by very sophisticated entities that feel real to us. Since we are just virtual reality that is run on a computer, if the player wants to, he can retract our reality at any time.
**Can we guarantee that our life is really real?**
Simulation Theory was first introduced by a philosopher from Oxford University named Nick Bolstrom. In his scientific paper entitled: Are You Living In A Simulation?. He argues that one day, humans will have a super advanced civilization so that humans will reach a point called post human. Now, thanks to this super capable post-human human technology, they will be able to create superpower computers that can run simulations of their ancestors. Yes, it is us.
According to the theory, our current life is just a simulation that these super intelligent entities are running on their most advanced computers. That is, everything we experience, see, touch, feel, everything is not real. Everything is like a dream. So just imagine we are nothing more than characters in online games like The Sims, who don't realize that they are actually simulating in the form of a game.
Uniquely, Nick is not the first to put forward this theory. In fact, since the dawn of human civilization, ancient philosophers have predicted this theory. The Greek philosopher Plato with the story Allegory in the Cave in 375 BC, as well as the French philosopher Rene Descartes with the concept of the Evil Demon in 1641, suggested that our current life may be an illusion.
When we realize that we are living in a simulation, it is said that we will also get enlightened. This enlightenment will also be the same as that experienced by Copernicus when he realized that the Earth actually revolves around the Sun, even though previously the world community at that time knew that the sun revolved around the Earth. In modern times, Simulation Theory is owned by futurists like Elon Musk.
But if we dare to think of our life as a simulation, we must have proof, not just nonsense! It turns out that the evidence that our life is just a computer simulation is actually right before our eyes, it's just that we haven't realized it yet.
Some of the evidence is:
**We've done it**
For you game lovers, you must be familiar with the simulation concept. Every day we do simulations on our computers while playing online games. Supporters of Simulation Theory argue, is it possible that our lives are all avatars or one of the characters played in Massive Multiplayer Online Role playing Games such as Game The Sims?
**The Fermi paradox**
The Fermi paradox states that in this universe (or in our own galaxy) there should be thousands, if not millions of alien civilizations. But where are they? Why is it as if we are the only ones living in this universe? https://read.cash/@AnsleyLivy/the-aliens-examining-the-dark-forest-theory-the-mystery-of-oumuamua-and-the-fermi-paradox-53049099
Uniquely, Simulation Theory can answer these questions. Why is there no alien life (which according to the logic of the Drake's Equation should be abundant) in the universe? The answer is because our lives are not programmed for that. Just imagine, in The Sims game which tells about life in the city, is it necessary to create aliens? No, right? https://read.cash/@AnsleyLivy/the-aliens-examining-the-dark-forest-theory-the-mystery-of-oumuamua-and-the-fermi-paradox-53049099
This opinion seems to be in line with the Anthropic Principle, the principle in cosmology which states that the universe was designed for life (observers). If that observer does not exist, then the universe does not exist. And we are observers.
**In 2020**
And, it cannot be denied that 2020 is a strange year. So many disasters and troubles come and go. Or could this be what our programmers want? Imagine, if we make a game, of course we will include challenges to make the game even more exciting, right? For example, the Grand Theft Auto game about crime, Fallout about survival in a post-apocalyptic world, Resident Evil about zombies, and others. Even the issue of the Corona virus that has swept the world at a glance is similar to the game Plague Inc. Strange things that don't make sense also often happen.
**There was a glitch in the simulation**
Have you ever played a game or surfed the internet, but suddenly a glitch occurred such as your browser suddenly stopped or your game character changed to weird? Have you ever experienced a strange event that cannot be explained by logic, even though it can be categorized as a supernatural event? What if supernatural events were actually a mistake in simulating our lives?
There are many examples of glitches in this simulation. Just enter a word in the Google search field and you'll get tons of results, from articles to photos. Some of the stories about glitches in simulations that these people experience seem like horror stories.
**One of the stories is about a young man who dreamed about a white van parked in front of his house at night. The masked men got out of the van and into his house and killed his brother. The young man woke up from the nightmare and as soon as he turned on the light and opened the window he saw a white van, as in his dream, parked in front of the house. Only this time, because the young man turned on the bedroom light and looked out the window, the white van left at once.**
Another story is about a man who worked in a restaurant
**One night she had to work late and when she came home, her sister was surprised to see her. "How strange, said the girl", "because I have just spoken to you for 15 minutes in your room." But the young man replied, “I just came home from work and haven't been home all day. Just look at my uniform, there are still many stains and smells of steak and chili sauce. "The young lady quickly terrified. So who did she converse with in her sibling's room prior?".**
Are any supernatural events we may have experienced really a glitch in our simulations? Is a story that cannot be explained by logic, such as one person in two places at the same time or a dream predicting the future, the simplest: a deja vu some form glitch in our simulations?
**Theory of Physics and Mathematics**
Galileo once argued: Mathematics is the language of God in creating this world. But for those of you who understand computers, you know that mathematics is closely related to programming. Have you ever wondered why all the laws of physics that govern our world, from atoms to the motion of celestial bodies, can all be calculated mathematically? In fact, when we dive into Quantum Mechanics, we realize that our universe and all of its aspects are made up of the smallest units known as Planck units. If we imagine, if the Planck number becomes the pixel in our world, it makes us as if living on a computer screen.
But if we are in a computer simulation, the question now is who and what runs our lives.
Zadar, the most popular ancient city in Croatia
Zadar is an ancient city on a Mediterranean port, on the Adriatic coast to be precise. The old town surrounded by walls and towers on the peninsula is a part of the city connected by a bridge which is a symbol of the city. The city was built on the principles of Roman city architecture.
The Zadar region has been inhabited since early prehistoric times. Various archaeological findings confirm the existence of early Paleolithic life. The Libyan Ilirian originating from the Balkan peninsula are thought to have inhabited Zadar from the 7th century BC. During the 2nd century BC, the Romans made Zadar their colony. During Roman rule, Zadar began to resemble a true urban city with a network of streets, squares and temples. The remains of this monument are still preserved today.
Zadar has a long historical record. The city has lived for over 3000 years under dynamic conditions. Many times this city was destroyed and plundered. However, this city remains resilient so that it can rise again. From every ruins, this city was built more beautiful and stronger than before.
During the early medieval period, barbarian invasions brought the city of Zadar to a standstill. In the 7th century AD, Zadar became the capital of the Byzantine region of Dalmatia. During this period, Christianity slowly spread in the Zadar area. This had an impact on architecture and urban art. At the same time, the first large church in Zadar was built, namely the Holy Trinity Church which is now known as the Church of St. Donatus and is the city's most recognizable symbol.
In the 10th century AD, Croats began to inhabit the Zadar area. Several Roman churches from the earlier period still survive (St Mary's Cathedral, St. Grisogone and St. Anastasia's Cathedral). Although the late medieval period was a turbulent time with siege and destruction, it is considered the golden era of Zadar. The city established itself as one of the most important trading centers on the Adriatic coast. During the renaissance era, Zadar was under Venetian rule and remained so until the end of the 18th century AD During this period the Turkish invasion turned the city into a powerful fortress and drastically changed the appearance of the city.
After the First World War, Zadar came under Italian rule and remained so until the middle of the 20th century AD, when the Yugoslav state was formed. Since then the city of Zadar is considered a part of Croatia to this day. Zadar suffered significant destruction during World War II and during the Croatian War of independence, many historical monuments were destroyed. Today Zadar has been rebuilt and looks more beautiful than ever, establishing itself as one of the ancient cities as well as the most popular tourist destination in Croatia and Europe.
The Aliens : The Mystery of the Tabby Star, the Kardashev Scale, and the Dyson Sphere
Continued writing in the previous episode. Before reading this article it is advisable to read my previous article about aliens here https://read.cash/@AnsleyLivy/the-aliens-examining-the-dark-forest-theory-the-mystery-of-oumuamua-and-the-fermi-paradox-53049099 .
After reading my article in the first episode about aliens, do you believe in aliens? The Drake equation answers that the chances of alien life out there are very high. Then the Dark Forest theory answered Fermi's Paradox about why they decided to go into hiding. Is it true that there is an alien civilization out there that is so threatening and terrifying?
To discuss this further, we also need to examine how modern an alien civilization is out there. Can their existence really threaten us? Is there any evidence of their existence, other than blurry UFO photos? I will answer it in this article. But first I want to introduce you to the concept of the Kardashev Scale.
**Kardashev Scale**
How sophisticated is the alien civilization out there? Fortunately, an astronomer from the Soviet Union named Nikolai Kardashev answered this through his theory published in 1964. Kardashev argued, the more advanced a civilization is, the greater its energy needs. This makes perfect sense. Imagine, a simple house in the village and in the city, which one needs more electricity? Of course the house is in the city, right? Houses in a village may only need electricity for basic needs, such as lamps. However, houses in urban areas certainly have more sophisticated equipment, such as computers, electric stoves, water heaters, water pumps, etc.
So that Kardashev thought, the more advanced the alien civilization is out there, of course, it will require more energy. But where will they meet their energy needs? What energy sources will they use? How do they harvest it? This is what underlies Kardashev's thinking. He put forward a theory on the Kardashev Scale, namely that the alien civilizations out there, if any, would be divided into three categories based on their technological progress.
**First Kind Civilization**
This type of civilization is also called the Planet Civilization. This civilization can use all the energy that is on the planet. This type of civilization is perhaps the closest to the technological level possessed by humans on Earth. According to Kardashev, this civilization will consume 4 x 10(16) watts of energy. This civilization is only able to harvest solar energy that reaches its planet.
**Second Kind of Civilization**
This type of civilization is also called the Star Civilization. This civilization can use all the energy contained in their solar system. This civilization requires energy much times greater, namely 4 x 10(26) watts. In order to fulfill it, they must harvest all of their solar energy. In theory, they could use the Dyson Ball (I'll explain later) for this purpose.
**Third Kind Civilization**
This type of civilization is also known as Galactic Civilization. This civilization can use all the energy contained in their galaxy. This civilization has an energy requirement of up to 4 × 10 (36) watts and to fulfill it, they must harvest the energy from all the stars in their galaxy.
Kardashev believes that alien culture cannot develop into Type Four, so he only stops at Type Third.
Maybe you think, humans have reached the First Level, because we can harvest energy from our sun, for example using solar panels. But it's not that easy. Another astronomer, Carl Sagan, only thought that our civilization level was not even Level One, but had only reached Level Zero point Seven. This is based on the fact that our energy consumption has only reached 2 x 10(13) watts, still far from the 4 x 10(16) watts which is the standard of First Type civilization.
Other physicists also argue, to reach the first level alone, humans still need up to two hundred years. Meanwhile, to reach the second level, humans need thousands of years. Undoubtedly, the third level could only be reached by humans in the next hundred thousand to one million years.
But that doesn't mean humans can't imagine. A scientist named Dyson succeeded in designing a structure called the Dyson Sphere if one day we reached the Second Level.
The Dyson Sphere is a hypothetical mega structure (aka massive structure that has yet to be built) that surrounds a star to harvest its energy. As an illustration, our planet only receives 0.000000000049% of its energy from the Sun. If we want to harvest one hundred percent of the sun's energy, the best way to do this is to cover the sun with a structure called a Dyson Sphere.
Freeman Dyson, a physicist and mathematician, first put forward the idea in his paper published in 1960 entitled "Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation". He proposed millions of floating structures around the entire surface of the Sun to capture its energy. Of course this way, more energy will be captured. Making a Dyson Sphere is certainly not easy. In order to make it, we must at least reach the Second Type civilization first.
There are four types of Dyson Sphere that can be made. The first or simplest, but with the lowest energy input, is the Dyson Ring.
If we align the Dyson Ring to cover the entire surface of the sun, then we will get a Dyson Swarm or Dyson Bubble. Uniquely, each unit that makes up the Dyson Bubble is called statites and can be designed as a small planet that can become a new human habitat.
The most radical design of the Dyson Sphere is the Dyson Shell. Of course we can imagine, even the Dyson Bubble cannot capture one hundred percent of the sun's energy because there will be energy going out through the empty space between the "statites" that make up it. Therefore, the most extreme idea is to create a very sturdy structure that can seal off and block all the energy coming out of the sun.
If this Dyson Shell design can be realized, then humans will be able to meet the energy needs of the Second Type, which is 4 x 10(26) watts. But we need to remember, creating such a cool structure will certainly have many challenges. If we used all the materials in our solar system (even mine asteroids and other planets), we could only make a Dyson Shell Eight to Twenty meters centimeter thick! Not to mention blocking the entire sun can change the conditions of our solar system.
We return to our alien theory. If there really is alien life on the Kardashev scale, let alone one that reaches a Type above the Third, then in theory we will be able to observe it.
In October 2015, a group of astronomers at the Kepler Space Telescope caught a strange phenomenon in a star called KIC 8462852 in the constellation Cygnus, about fifteen hundred light years from Earth. The star was later given the nickname Abby Star after the team leader of astronomers, Tabetha S. Boyajian.
The Tabby star attracted astronomers' attention because of its strange behavior, in which the star dims by twenty-two percent for no apparent reason. One possible explanation for stellar dimming is artificial structures that block the star from absorbing its energy.
In other words, the tabby's Star's dimming was probably caused by the Dyson Sphere. But is the theory correct? We may never know given how far away the star is. However, it turns out that the Tabby Star is not the only star that aliens have allegedly used for its energy. In 2016, another star in the constellation Scorpion, named EPIC 204278916 also experienced a similar, even more extreme, phenomenon when it dimmed by 65% during the 25 days of observation. The same speculation is running, that an extraterrestrial race of aliens built a Dyson Sphere around it to harvest its energy.
**Some Other Types of Civilization and Their Implications**
Perhaps you will remember that Kardashev did not believe that any creature in this universe could reach more than the Third Level. This is because in essence creatures with high technology will tend to destroy themselves if they are not able to keep up with technological advances with solutions. For example, we can now see that on our Earth, we don't need to go far to venture out to an alien planet.
**Our technological advances have caused various natural damages, namely holes in the ozone layer, air pollution, extinction of flora and fauna due to habitat destruction, global warming, and climate change. We also need to remember that all technology, however sophisticated it is, will certainly not be able to avoid waste. If we are not wise in managing this waste, our planet will be damaged due to excessive exploitation of energy.**
This will lead us to another problem, which is closely related to the theory of the Dark Forest that I introduced in the previous article. What if there were aliens out there who controlled not only First Level, but also Second and even Third Levels. Can you imagine, maybe because of their very high energy requirements, the planet where they live is damaged, or even the stars run out of energy?
Of course there was only one thing they could think of if that happened: they would go elsewhere. If they ever come to our planet, then the inevitable will happen: colonization.
But that's not all the worst happens. Kardashev only limited the scale to the Third, but more modern thinkers have argued differently. It is not impossible, in this vast universe, there will be other civilizations that are much higher. One expert recommends a Type Four civilization or Extra-galactic Civilization where they attack other galaxies to meet their energy needs.
Even more frightening, physicist John D. Barrow proposed the highest level, namely the Omega Type civilization where they have technology that can manipulate space and time, and can even harvest energy from the entire universe. Our craziest minds can certainly guess that they can attack another universe (according to the multiverse concept) if the energy in their universe runs out.
The Aliens : Examining The Dark Forest Theory, The Mystery of Oumuamua, and The Fermi Paradox
At the end of April, the normally closed military of the United States suddenly made a surprising statement. For several years, leaked footage of US military aircraft pilots meeting with UFOs has spread in cyberspace, and even managed to keep circulating on Youtube. Suddenly, at the end of April 2020, the US military who was entrenched in the Pentagon admitted that the meeting in the video was real and true.
https://youtu.be/auITEKd4sjA
In other words, they acknowledge the existence of UFOs and aliens. This adds to the surprise we have had in 2020. But what about your own opinion? Do you really believe in aliens?
Our planet is unique. Earth, our blue planet is endowed with life, while other planets are hit by the cold of winter like Mars, Neptune, or Pluto or even burned by the heat of the sun, like Venus and Mercury. But is our planet really unique? Could there be other planets with other life out there? Given how vast the universe is, the answer might be yes.
However, that brings us to another question, if there are other lives, where are they now? Why haven't we seen their existence until now? The answer may scare us.
To get started with this article, I'll first cover the Drake Equation. Maybe you are already familiar with the math equations you usually learn in school. But did you know there is a mathematical formula that can be used to calculate the number of alien life out there? This equation was first coined by mathematician Frank Drake in 1961 to calculate the probability of the number of alien civilizations out there. The formula Drake used at the time was this:
I will not discuss this formula further, but surprisingly, from the results of Drake's calculations, the results obtained are at least 1000 and a maximum of 100 million alien civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy alone. And that's just one galaxy. There are an estimated 100 billion galaxies in the universe, so you just have to multiply them.
This brings us to the next term I would like to introduce to you, which is the Fermi Paradox.
**The Fermi paradox**
While working at the Los Alamos nuclear laboratory in the United States, veteran physicist Enrico Fermi asked his fellow scientists in casual, casual conversations in the middle of summer. If there are so many alien lives out there, where are they today? Why didn't they visit us or at least send us an inquiry? I will explain what a probe is, but first I will make a presumption to better understand this Fermi Paradox.
If you are now in the US and say in your entire life, you have never been abroad. But you will find that a country called Germany does exist. Why do you know Have you never been there Maybe you answered that you have seen a film about Germany, or maybe you have met a real German who has been here. These things prove that Germany does exist even if you've never been there and seen it in person.
It's the same with alien life. Imagine showing a German film that makes us believe that Germany really exists, is a kind of radio wave as a kind of communication from aliens. Why haven't we received any transmissions from them that prove they exist? Or even more extreme, why haven't they visited us yet? Not just passing UFOs in blurry photos or videos, but actually visiting delegates to communicate with us?
Maybe there are some who think: OK, maybe the technology is not advanced? Humans themselves are creatures with less sophisticated technology, you know. Imagine, with our modern technology alone, it took 9 years for a NASA plane called New Horizon to reach Pluto.
I will make another assumption to refute this. Imagine your workspace. There must be all kinds of people with different abilities. Some may not understand their job well, some have mediocre abilities, and there must be someone who is the brightest person in the class who is always an exemplary employee. You can also apply this to aliens. If Drake's equations are correct and there are 100 million alien life in our own galaxy, why isn't anyone technologically advanced?
Maybe you can answer again, okay. Maybe because Bang is far away. Yes, it is true that the distance between one solar system and another solar system can reach millions or even trillions of kilometers. But then again, it's possible that alien civilizations on other planets have developed interstellar transport systems so sophisticated that distance is not a problem. Imagine the technology on our planet is like a rickshaw that travels so slowly, but in other parts of the world, there is Japan already developing the super fast Shinkansen.
If there is truly sophisticated alien life out there, why is it silent? Why is there no sign at all? Where are they? It is the same as a forest which has millions of animals, but not one is seen or heard. Isn't that strange?
As a result of this silence in the universe, Fermi's Paradox is often called the Great Silence, because it is as if we are alone here, without any other sign of life. If there really are so many aliens out there, then our universe must be noisy, like a factory full of people at work.
One theory to answer the Fermi Paradox is called the Dark Forest theory and it is very unpleasant to hear.
**The Dark Forest Theory**
The Dark Forest Theory presupposes the universe as a very dense forest and every alien civilization is a group of soldiers sneaking in the forest. Each soldier should walk quietly and try his best not to make a sound. Why? Because if they communicate or just make a sound, the enemy will immediately detect it.
This is the scariest explanation for why the alien civilizations on this planet have never shown themselves to us. Because they are afraid and hiding.
But afraid of what? Why are they hiding on purpose? Are there any intergalactic forces or a species of ferocious alien race out there destroying planet after planet so they have to go into hiding?
We need to admit, maybe (if there were) not all aliens out there are friendly and peace-loving. There may be an alien race that is cruel. If that's the case, should we hide and not tell the aliens of our existence outside? It seems a little late.
We're back to Frank Drake. Amazed by the results of the unexpected equations, he was assisted by the famous astronomer Carl Sagan to design the Arecibo Message in 1974. The message contained what human physical form was, our DNA formula, to the position of our planet in the solar system. The message is then sent using radio waves into space using the Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico. The goal, so that aliens out there know where we are.
Arecibo's message is said to have been questioned by top physicist Stephen Hawkings, who said that inviting aliens to our planet was a grave mistake. He gave an example of the arrival of Christopher Columbus to the American continent which caused the extinction of ancient civilizations there, the Indians who were finally driven from their homes because they were seized by white people, to the death of millions of Native Americans as a result of contracting smallpox brought from Europe. And this brings us to Oumuamua.
**The Mystery of Oumuamua**
In 2017, an astronomer named Robert Weryk working at an observatory in Hawaii discovered a strange celestial body. At first he thought it was a comet. However, because there is no tail of the celestial body, it is concluded that it is an asteroid. Since he first observed her in Hawaii, he gave her the Hawaiian name Oumuamua.
But there are three oddities about this Oumuamua. First the shape is very strange. Usually asteroids are spherical, but Oumuamua is elongated. Its length is about 10 times its width. Its width is estimated at 100 meters while its length is about 1 kilometer.
Second, this object did not originate in our solar system. This is quite strange, because usually every celestial body will orbit the nearest star due to its gravitational force. Oumuamua was even the first interstellar object to stop in our solar system. As a side note, prior to the arrival of Oumuamua, there was never recorded an interstellar object straying into our solar system.
Oumuamua came from the direction of the star Vega in the constellation Lyra and hurtled towards the Pegasus constellation. It is not known when Oumuamua entered our solar system, but it is clear that it was detected at its closest point to the Sun on September 9, 2019. Then Oumuamua flew near Earth on October 14 and is expected to leave our solar system in 2022.
Like other celestial bodies, Oumuamua moves faster when approaching the sun and moves slower when away from the sun, of course because of the Sun's gravitational force. All objects in our solar system are affected by the gravitational force of the Sun as the largest object in the solar system. But herein lies the third oddity. On June 27, 2018, scientists reported that Oumuamua was experiencing what is known as non-gravitational acceleration or experiencing an acceleration (going faster) that is not affected by the force of gravity. It was as if an airplane had an engine.
This, coupled with the fact that Oumuamua did not come from our solar system, raises the speculation that the supposed asteroid is actually a spaceship or at least a spacecraft sent by another alien civilization out there? What is a probe? A probe is a drone or small drone that is sent into space. NASA has sent probes many times, one of which is the famous Mars Rover that was sent to investigate the condition of the red planet.
Even top scientists seem to agree with this radical opinion. Even the name Oumuamua that was accidentally pinned to the object meant the first scout. Scout is the English term for soldiers sent on spying duties. So does this mean that the mysterious object is a ship sent by aliens to spy on us?
Okay this article is quite long so I will continue in another article. As I conclude, I want to invite you back to the beginning. Do you think the video released by the Pentagon proves the existence of UFOs as something to be afraid of? Do you really believe in aliens and what would happen if they did?
Suicide Investigation
Here I will try to discuss Suicide Investigation Using the Psychological Autopsy Method which is a scientific method used to understand the cause of death by suspected suicide. Psychological autopsy is performed by a forensic behaviorist or psychiatrist by collecting retrospective information about victims who are thought to have died from suicide.
Historical data is taken from family, relatives or close people, as well as from doctors or medical experts who provide care in the last period of a person's life. The purpose of a psychological autopsy is to obtain an overview of the life situation, personality, mental health conditions and health services that the victim has accessed before the end of his life.
Psychological autopsy has been used as a standard examination of sudden death cases suspected to be caused by suicide in various countries.
The hope, with a psychological autopsy examination, can be known what and how so that someone decides to end his own life.
In the legal process, psychological autopsy is included in the investigation process. The investigation process aims to find out whether a criminal act has occurred (whether there is a violation of legal norms).
Psychological autopsy began to be included in the process of systematic investigation for the first time in 1956-1957, in order to understand the causes of One Hundred Thirty Four suicides in St. Petersburg. Louis, United States.
Since that time, psychological autopsy procedures have been used to determine whether the victim died by suicide or from other causes (for example: a murder that looks like suicide, or an accident).
In general, the results of a psychological autopsy are thought to be helpful in understanding why someone commits suicide.
**About psychological autopsy procedures**
In general, psychological autopsy has two main procedures:
In depth interviews with the victim's family or relatives and closest people.
Gather medical, psychological, psychiatric information or history and all information deemed important to explain the victim's life history.
Interviews with family and loved ones will usually be conducted after obtaining family approval.
The interview process will be guided by clinical interview standards which aim to:
Understand the behavior patterns and daily life of the victim.
The situation of the victim's relationship with his family or closest people.
Whether there is use of addictive substances or alcohol
Whether there have been previous suicide attempts and seeking help, or have communicated the idea of ending life.
Whether there were important events or stress before his death.
It is important to understand that this interview should be conducted with someone who really understands the victim, such as a boy or girlfriend or partner or close friend. Not always the nuclear family understands the victim deeply.
For example: sometimes the victim cannot open up to her parents, but is more open to her boy or girlfriend. Then the investigator needs to understand well, to whom he should conduct a psychological autopsy interview.
Interviews are conducted with due regard to ethics, that is, do not interfere with the family mourning period (interviews can be started about three to four months after death). Why is it necessary to appreciate the moment of grief? This is done with the assumption that families going through the grieving process will be better prepared to participate in the interview process. So, as a result, they will be more open and cooperative in providing information about the victims who died.
If you do not appreciate the grieving period, it is possible that the closest people will limit information more because they are unable to tell about the victim. Especially when it comes to information that seems negative about the deceased.
In some cultures, even relatives will refuse to speak ill of a deceased victim. This of course will affect the quality of the information to be collected.
Interviews with health workers (for example: doctors who have worked with them) also need to be conducted to determine whether there are problems or health and care needs that the victim has accessed at the end of his life.
From interviews with doctors, psychiatrists, psychologists or other health professionals, it will also get a picture of what pressure or stress he is facing, and how the stress impacts on the functioning of his daily life at the end of the victim's life.
Psychological autopsy is performed by a professional in the forensic field by exploring scientific behavior. The psychiatric or clinical psychology interview protocol will consist of comprehensive objective questions and in depth extracting of qualitative information.
The number of informants must be doubled to obtain complete information about the victim's history until the end of his life. In addition, psychological autopsy investigations should also be carried out by several experts (ideally more than two people), to carry out an inter-investigator assessment analysis.
This is done to minimize subjective judgment bias. Psychological autopsies were considered stable or consistent when the investigator reached a sufficiently high level of agreement.
This means that the psychological autopsy process to understand what and how death occurs will take time. However, to reach an understanding and a bright spot of events, this is appropriate and important.
**Maybe You Have Ever Asked Your Heart, Why Do People Commit Suicide?**
From various research studies on the causes of suicide, it is known that there are two main causes of suicide.
Mood disorders
Substance abuse related disorders
Both are psychological disorders syndromes that reduce the ability of humans to try to solve the problems they face in a solution so that they can finally give up and decide to end their lives.
The main cause of suicide was found to be due to depressive symptoms. About Ninety Percent of suicides are known to develop symptoms of depression late in life.
Apart from depression, it was found that a number of suicide victims also exhibited symptoms of other psychological disorders, such as: bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, alcohol or substance abuse and personality disorders.
Psychological research has also found that if a person is found to have a depressive condition that is comorbid with substance use disorders, or a mood disorder with personality disorders (especially Borderline personality disorder), the risk of suicide is higher.
**About suicide and depression messages**
One of the information that will be explored in a psychological autopsy is whether or not a message indicating the intention to end his life has been conveyed by the victim to his closest people. This is known as a suicide message. Suicide messages can be in the form of writing, spoken words, or other notes and symbols.
In some cases, it was found that the victim was preparing to leave. Some write messages, and others set up a series of detachment processes (dress well, go to a certain place, and prepare equipment).
However, some did not seem prepared to leave. There are even cases where the family does not have symptoms of depression, or the impression that they are about to commit suicide. This could happen because the victim still doubted his intention to end his life and finally decided to commit suicide.
It found that although the majority of suicides were found to be associated with depression, there were also suicides in which it was not clear whether the victim had depression or symptoms of a mental disorder (no psychiatric condition was found). It needs to be understood, in the psychological autopsy process, efforts will be made to diagnose mental disorders post mortem through reports from people closest to the victim.
Suicide without psychiatric symptoms is more common in Western non-cultural communities, for example in China or India. This is because the conception of depressive conditions or psychiatric symptoms can vary between cultures.
The way non-Western societies name and term depression differently, so that they report "depressive" symptoms (strong emotional nuances of sadness) is also different, even the way they seek help if they are "depressed" will also be different.
Consequently, understanding and reporting of psychiatric symptoms of depression in non-Western communities will not be the same as in Western communities. This means that psychological autopsy investigators must be sensitive. In exploring information about depressive symptoms or other psychiatric symptoms, it is best to use idioms or terms that are contextual to local culture and language.
This is to help families express the phenomena they see with their language and understanding. Not just using the term clinical diagnosis.
**Suicide prevention**
An understanding of the factors that cause suicide can actually be used to do prevention.
If someone has talked about suicidal ideation and, or has attempted suicide but failed. This needs to be anticipated if he will commit suicide again in the near future. At this stage, they will appear to be at high risk of committing suicide.
As a result, people who have attempted suicide have up to three hundred and seventy times the risk of being successful. Therefore, monitoring and supporting people who have committed suicide attempts is very important.
Women were found to be more likely to commit failed suicide attempts, while men were found to be more successful at committing suicide. Attempted suicide by women is actually a way to ask for help and attention, so women often choose methods that are less lethal ( Non lethal, such as cutting the arteries in their hands).
But when a man thinks of committing suicide, he will choose more lethal methods, so that his success is higher (lethal, for example stabbing the heart or other vital organs).
The causes of suicide over time are also contextual. In the adolescent population, suicide is often associated with risky personality patterns (closed attitudes and difficulty solving problems) and substance-alcohol abuse behavior.
In adults, it was found that the causes of stress that trigger suicide are associated with problems causing major depression, loss or unemployment, problems with marriage or intimate relationships or divorce, alcohol dependence, and the inability to solve life problems.
In several cases of adult male suicide it was found that the ability to commit suicide was triggered by violent behavior leading to the ability to tolerate pain and no longer fear death.
In the elderly, health problems, retirement and feelings of helplessness, as well as major depression will increase the risk of death from suicide.
Therefore, if we know that there is a risk of suicide in someone, then we need to provide intensive and supportive help to that person. Prevention occurs from the onset of depressive symptoms, before a suicide attempt or act is committed.
**Increased risk of suicide due to drug interactions and psychological disorders**
Various studies have found that the risk of suicide increases in people who experience psychological depression accompanied by substance abuse.
Alcohol use has long been known to be strongly linked to suicide. The nature of alcohol is a depressant, or it decreases brain activity, decreases awareness and judgment as a result of which a person affected by alcohol can make wrong decisions. The long-term impact of alcohol use is depression, which can also increase the risk of suicide.
Stimulant drug abuse can also be linked to suicide. Stimulants (for example: amphetamines, cocaine) will increase activity in the brain, and as a result people will become more excited, easily aroused, and overflow with excitement.
However, the negative effects of using stimulants will be felt when the effects of the drugs begin to wear off. Moods that are elevated due to substance use will drop to an extreme which can lead to pronounced mood swings and even the individual can feel like he is losing self-control and helpless.
And if the stimulant drug is used incorrectly or not under the supervision of a psychiatrist and is administered by a person who is clinically depressed, the effect can be devastating because it will worsen the state of depression. This can lead to death by suicide.
**Conclusion**
From various studies conducted in the world, it is known that the main risk of death from suicide is depression as a mood disorder. So, in a psychological autopsy a history will be extracted whether the victim committed suicide or experienced depression at the end of his life.
In addition, various psychological and social factors will be explored to explain why at that time in his life a person decides to end his life.
However, if no definitive explanation for the death due to suicide cannot be found, it is necessary to seek explanations for other causes of death.
The explanation of death is important to understand. Not only to fulfill the legal process, but also because it becomes a need for understanding and acceptance for the family left behind.
Sorry if my writing is too long, because when writing sometimes forgets everything. Hopefully useful and add knowledge for readers.
Five Reasons Why Humans Can Fall in Love from a Psychological Perspective
**What is the first thing you think of when you hear or read the word Love?**
Most of you who still don't understand about love relationships may think that love is related to the attraction of the opposite sex that is shown through activities in the form of love relationships or what is often referred to as "dating".
Love can be defined as a combination of emotions, cognition and behavior in a relationship.
Various phenomena related to love relationships can also be studied in social psychology, especially in the theory of interpersonal relationships.
The psychology of interpersonal relationships itself is an element of social psychology that studies behavior and psychology related to the phenomenon of interaction between two people.
But, have you ever thought why you can love your partner? Perhaps many of you will answer, "Love doesn't need a reason."
In this context, namely love, I will give five reasons why you can love your partner from a psychological point of view.
**- Your partner is near you**
Many experts conclude that many individuals who are in love with or married to their partners because of meeting in their surroundings.
In cases like this, individuals are attracted to other individuals because they often interact with other individuals who are in the same area, both in the lecture environment and the work environment.
An example is when individuals feel attracted to other individuals because they work in the same place, they study at the same university and department, or they are active in the same organization.
**- Physical Interest**
Physical attractiveness can be one of the factors that determines individuals to love other individuals to establish love relationships.
This is very common in men compared to women.
Many men are attracted to women because of their physically attractive and charming, while women tend to be more attracted to men because of their kind and polite personality.
This is evidenced by the many facts that show that beautiful women find it easier to get dates than men who have handsome faces.
Apart from the previous explanation, the choice of a partner based on physical characteristics is also related to the principle of balance (phenomenon of matching) between the two parties and stereotypes about someone's attractive appearance in society.
When associated with the concept of stereotypes, individuals are considered beautiful or handsome more because society has a general picture of the ideals of being beautiful and handsome in a certain period of time.
**- There are similarities or complement each other**
Individuals like other individuals because of the similarity or similarity with the individual concerned.
Many couples who share the same values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors have more opportunities to live a happy married life.
But in other cases, we often find individuals who love and have relationships with other individuals who have many differences compared to themselves.
This phenomenon can be explained from the perspective of complementary theory.
Individuals are attracted to other individuals who have many differences with themselves because they feel that the individual has advantages that can complement the inherent deficiencies of him.
An example is when an introverted man chooses to marry an extroverted woman or a man whose body is not that tall will choose a woman with a body that is tall enough to be his life partner.
**- Loving People Who Love Himself**
A person loves another who loves himself because if someone is loved by someone else, then there is a kind of psychological process in which a person feels that he has received the gift of having got that love.
When the person feels the love that has been given to him, he will feel appreciated, there will be an increase in self-assessment, he will feel attractive, and he will also feel social acceptance.
**- Symbiosis of Mutualism**
Based on the theory of social exchange which refers to relationships that rely on reciprocity, it causes individuals to often love other individuals because these individuals can provide many significant benefits for themselves.
These benefits can be physical, psychological, material, or spiritual.
If the reciprocal benefit matrix becomes unbalanced, then there will be a tendency for interpersonal relationships to experience estrangement which leads to termination of the relationship.
Maybe not a few of you have seen a phenomenon that shows that many men choose beautiful women as partners because they feel they have many advantages in the form of being proud to live with beautiful women.
But on the other hand, beautiful women prefer men who have high socioeconomic status or are wealthy in short.
This is based on various reasons that can benefit him socially and economically.
Approximately based on the five psychological reasons above, which is the best reason to answer why you love your partner?
@AnsleyLivy
